目的基于环磷酸腺苷/环磷酸腺苷反应元件结合蛋白/脑源性神经营养因子(cAMP/CREB/BDNF)信号转导通路信号通路探讨柴胡疏肝散抗抑郁的可能机制。方法2017年1月至2018年10月,采用随机数字表法将实验大鼠分为空白组、模型组、艾司西酞普兰...目的基于环磷酸腺苷/环磷酸腺苷反应元件结合蛋白/脑源性神经营养因子(cAMP/CREB/BDNF)信号转导通路信号通路探讨柴胡疏肝散抗抑郁的可能机制。方法2017年1月至2018年10月,采用随机数字表法将实验大鼠分为空白组、模型组、艾司西酞普兰组和柴胡疏肝散组,除空白组外,其他各组采用慢性不可预知温和应激制定抑郁症模型。用蔗糖偏好实验、强迫游泳实验和旷场实验实验评价柴胡疏肝散抗抑郁的作用。用尼氏染色观察大鼠前额叶皮层区病理形态变化。用Real time PCR和蛋白质印迹法检测大鼠前额叶皮层中cAMP、CREB、BDNF的基因和蛋白表达水平。结果给药后,与模型组比较,柴胡疏肝散大鼠糖水偏好率有所增加[(60.75±15.63)%比(77.39±18.39)%,P=0.031],而大鼠强迫游泳不动时间[(64.39±10.62)s比(47.93±18.71)s,P=0.012],均差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。柴胡疏肝散组大鼠运动距离[(400.29±40.24)cm比(502.59±36.13)cm]和穿越中央区域次数[(11.56±4.92)比(15.68±3.56)]增加(P=0.000,P=0.011),静止时间[(83.55±13.87)s比(66.75±16.15)s,P=0.028],均差异有统计学意义。尼氏染色显示柴胡疏肝散组大鼠皮层尼氏体固缩和深染减轻,树突减少情况好转。柴胡疏肝散组大鼠PFC中cAMP、CREB、BDNF mRNA(0.53±0.16、0.79±0.15、0.64±0.26)表达水平升高(0.37±0.16、0.43±0.18、0.40±0.13)(P=0.024,P=0.000,P=0.000),均差异有统计学意义。柴胡疏肝散组大鼠PFC中cAMP、CREB、BDNF蛋白(0.47±0.27、0.59±0.11、0.58±0.15)表达水平升高(0.28±0.13、0.41±0.15、0.43±0.11)(P=0.000,P=0.027,P=0.022)。结论柴胡疏肝散具有抗抑郁的作用,其机制可能与其上调cAMP/CREB/BDNF信号通路有关。展开更多
The c-Jun N-terminal kinases （JNKs） are important regulators of a variety of physiological and pathological processes both in the central and in the peripheral nervous systems. JNKs are considered as crucial mediato...The c-Jun N-terminal kinases （JNKs） are important regulators of a variety of physiological and pathological processes both in the central and in the peripheral nervous systems. JNKs are considered as crucial mediators of neuronal cell death in response to stress and injury. However, recent studies have provided substantial evidence that the JNK pathway plays an important role in neuronal migration. Here, we will give a brief introduction of the JNK signaling pathway and put more emphasis on its role in nettronal migration.展开更多
Gamma-aminobutyric acid （GABA） and glutamate are two important amino acid neurotransmitters widely present in the nervous systems of mammals, insects, round worm, and platyhelminths, while their receptors are quite ...Gamma-aminobutyric acid （GABA） and glutamate are two important amino acid neurotransmitters widely present in the nervous systems of mammals, insects, round worm, and platyhelminths, while their receptors are quite diversified across different animal phyla. However, the evolutionary mechanisms between the two conserved neurotransmitters and their diversified receptors remain elusive, and antagonistic interactions between GABA and glutamate signal transduction systems, in particular, have began to attract significant attention. In this review, we summarize the extant results on the origin and evolution of GABA and glutamate, as well as their receptors, and analyze possible evolutionary processes and phylogenetic relationships of various GABAs and glutamate receptors. We further discuss the evolutionary history of Excitatory/Neutral Amino Acid Transporter （EAAT）, a transport protein, which plays an important role in the GABA-glutamate ＂yin and yang＂ balanced regulation. Finally, based on current advances, we propose several potential directions of future research.展开更多
The effect of intrathecal injection of dynorphin A (1-17) on second messenger systems of spinal cord relative to behavioral change in rats was studied. Dynorphin A (1-17) 5 ,10 (20nmol) caused dose-dependent flaccid p...The effect of intrathecal injection of dynorphin A (1-17) on second messenger systems of spinal cord relative to behavioral change in rats was studied. Dynorphin A (1-17) 5 ,10 (20nmol) caused dose-dependent flaccid paralysis of hindlimbs. Dynorphin A (1-17) 10, 20 nmol dose-dependently decreased spinal adenylate cyclase (AC) activity, cyclic AMP production, calmodulin (CaM) level and cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase(PDE)activity 10 min after intrathecal injection. They recovered to a varying extent two hours later. Pretreatment with selective κ-opioid receptor antagonist nor-BNI 30 nmol 10 min before dynorphin A (1-17) markedly antagonized the effects of dynorphin A (1-17 ) at 20 nmol on hindlimb paralysis and inhibition of intracellular second messengers. The L-type calcium channel blocker verapamil (100nmol) also played a role in blocking dynorphin neurotoxicity. The NMDA receptor antagonist APV could partially or completely block dynorphin inhibition of CaM level and PDE activity without affecting paralysis and decrease of AC-cAMP level induced by dynorphin A(1-17) 10 min after intrathecal injection.展开更多
Atmospheric CO2 can signal the presence of food, predators or environmental stress and trigger stereotypical behaviors in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Recent studies have shown that the necklace olfactory syste...Atmospheric CO2 can signal the presence of food, predators or environmental stress and trigger stereotypical behaviors in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Recent studies have shown that the necklace olfactory system in mice sensitively detects CO2 in the air. Olfactory CO2 neurons are believed to rely on cyclic gnanosine monophosphate （cGMP） as the key second messenger; however, the specific ion channel underlying CO2 responses remains unclear. Here we show that CO2-evoked neuronal and behavioral responses require cyclic nucleotide-gated （CNG） channels consisting of the CNGA3 subunit. Through Ca2＋-imaging, we found that CO2-triggered Ca2＋ influx was abolished in necklace olfactory sensory neurons （OSNs） of CNGA3-knockout mice. Olfactory detection tests using a Go/No-go paradigm showed that these knockout mice failed to detect 0.5% CO2. Thus, sensitive detection of atmospheric CO2 depends on the function of CNG channels consisting of the CNGA3 subunit in necklace OSNs. These data support the important role of the necklace olfactory system in CO2 sensing and extend our understanding of the signal transduction pathway mediating CO2 detection in mammals [Current Zoology 56 （6）： 793-799, 2010].展开更多
Interleukin-33 （IL-33）, a newly recognized IL-1 family member, is expressed by various tissues and cells. Since it can combine with chromosomes, IL-33 is regarded as an intracellular transcription repressor. Upon pr...Interleukin-33 （IL-33）, a newly recognized IL-1 family member, is expressed by various tissues and cells. Since it can combine with chromosomes, IL-33 is regarded as an intracellular transcription repressor. Upon proinflammatory stimulation, it is released as an extracellular cytokine to function as an alarmin to dangerous signals. The IL-33 receptor is a heterodimer complex composed of ST2 and the IL-1 receptor accessory protein, the latter being conserved in other IL-1 family members. The IL-33/ST2 signaling pathway plays critical roles in inflammatory and immune diseases, as well as in central nervous system （CNS） diseases. Recently, there has been an increasing focus on IL-33, particularly on its production and functions in the CNS. The present review mainly focuses on progress in research on IL-33, especially its roles in the CNS.展开更多
Wingless/Int （Wnt） signaling pathways are signal transduction mechanisms that have been widely studied In the field of embryogen- esis. Recent work has established a critical role for these pathways in brain develop...Wingless/Int （Wnt） signaling pathways are signal transduction mechanisms that have been widely studied In the field of embryogen- esis. Recent work has established a critical role for these pathways in brain development, especially of midbrain dopaminergic neu- rones, However, the fundamental importance of Wnt signaling for the normal function of mature neurones in the adult central nervous system has also lately been demonstrated by an increasing number of studies. Parkinson＇s disease （PD） is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease worldwide and is currently incurable. This debilitating disease is characterized by the progres- sive loss of a subset of midbrain dopaminergic neurones in the substontla nigm leadingto typical extrapyramidal motor symptoms. The aetiology of PD is poorly understood but work performed over the Last two decades has identified a growing number of genetic defects that underlie this condition. Herewe review a growing body of data connecting genes implicated in PD--most notablythe PARKgenes-- with Wnt signaling. These observations provide clues to the normal function of these proteins in healthy neurones and suggest that deregulated Wnt signaling might be a frequent pathomechanlsm leading to PD. These observations have implications for the patho- genesis and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases in general.展开更多
Wnts comprise a large family of proteins that have shown to be part of a signaling cascade that regulates several aspects of develop- ment including organogenesis, mid brain development as welt as stem cell proliferat...Wnts comprise a large family of proteins that have shown to be part of a signaling cascade that regulates several aspects of develop- ment including organogenesis, mid brain development as welt as stem cell proliferation. Wnt signaling pathway plays different roles in the development of neuronal circuits and also in the adult brain, where it regulates synaptic transmission and plasticity. It has been also implicated in various diseases including cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, reflecting its relevance in fundamental biological pro- cesses. This review summarizes the progress about Wnts function in mature nervous system with a focus on Alzheimer＇s disease （AD）. We discuss the prospects of modulating canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling as a strategy for neuroprotection. This will include the potential of Wnts to： （i） act as potent regulators of hippocampai synapses and impact in learning and memory; （ii） regulate adult neurogenesis; and finally （iii） control AD pathogenesis.展开更多
文摘目的基于环磷酸腺苷/环磷酸腺苷反应元件结合蛋白/脑源性神经营养因子(cAMP/CREB/BDNF)信号转导通路信号通路探讨柴胡疏肝散抗抑郁的可能机制。方法2017年1月至2018年10月,采用随机数字表法将实验大鼠分为空白组、模型组、艾司西酞普兰组和柴胡疏肝散组,除空白组外,其他各组采用慢性不可预知温和应激制定抑郁症模型。用蔗糖偏好实验、强迫游泳实验和旷场实验实验评价柴胡疏肝散抗抑郁的作用。用尼氏染色观察大鼠前额叶皮层区病理形态变化。用Real time PCR和蛋白质印迹法检测大鼠前额叶皮层中cAMP、CREB、BDNF的基因和蛋白表达水平。结果给药后,与模型组比较,柴胡疏肝散大鼠糖水偏好率有所增加[(60.75±15.63)%比(77.39±18.39)%,P=0.031],而大鼠强迫游泳不动时间[(64.39±10.62)s比(47.93±18.71)s,P=0.012],均差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。柴胡疏肝散组大鼠运动距离[(400.29±40.24)cm比(502.59±36.13)cm]和穿越中央区域次数[(11.56±4.92)比(15.68±3.56)]增加(P=0.000,P=0.011),静止时间[(83.55±13.87)s比(66.75±16.15)s,P=0.028],均差异有统计学意义。尼氏染色显示柴胡疏肝散组大鼠皮层尼氏体固缩和深染减轻,树突减少情况好转。柴胡疏肝散组大鼠PFC中cAMP、CREB、BDNF mRNA(0.53±0.16、0.79±0.15、0.64±0.26)表达水平升高(0.37±0.16、0.43±0.18、0.40±0.13)(P=0.024,P=0.000,P=0.000),均差异有统计学意义。柴胡疏肝散组大鼠PFC中cAMP、CREB、BDNF蛋白(0.47±0.27、0.59±0.11、0.58±0.15)表达水平升高(0.28±0.13、0.41±0.15、0.43±0.11)(P=0.000,P=0.027,P=0.022)。结论柴胡疏肝散具有抗抑郁的作用,其机制可能与其上调cAMP/CREB/BDNF信号通路有关。
基金This work was supported in part by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (No.30530660)the Chinese Academy of Sciences Knowledge Innovation Program (No.KSCX1-YW-R-62)the National Basic Research of China (No.2006CB504100 and No. 2006CB500701).
文摘The c-Jun N-terminal kinases （JNKs） are important regulators of a variety of physiological and pathological processes both in the central and in the peripheral nervous systems. JNKs are considered as crucial mediators of neuronal cell death in response to stress and injury. However, recent studies have provided substantial evidence that the JNK pathway plays an important role in neuronal migration. Here, we will give a brief introduction of the JNK signaling pathway and put more emphasis on its role in nettronal migration.
文摘Gamma-aminobutyric acid （GABA） and glutamate are two important amino acid neurotransmitters widely present in the nervous systems of mammals, insects, round worm, and platyhelminths, while their receptors are quite diversified across different animal phyla. However, the evolutionary mechanisms between the two conserved neurotransmitters and their diversified receptors remain elusive, and antagonistic interactions between GABA and glutamate signal transduction systems, in particular, have began to attract significant attention. In this review, we summarize the extant results on the origin and evolution of GABA and glutamate, as well as their receptors, and analyze possible evolutionary processes and phylogenetic relationships of various GABAs and glutamate receptors. We further discuss the evolutionary history of Excitatory/Neutral Amino Acid Transporter （EAAT）, a transport protein, which plays an important role in the GABA-glutamate ＂yin and yang＂ balanced regulation. Finally, based on current advances, we propose several potential directions of future research.
文摘The effect of intrathecal injection of dynorphin A (1-17) on second messenger systems of spinal cord relative to behavioral change in rats was studied. Dynorphin A (1-17) 5 ,10 (20nmol) caused dose-dependent flaccid paralysis of hindlimbs. Dynorphin A (1-17) 10, 20 nmol dose-dependently decreased spinal adenylate cyclase (AC) activity, cyclic AMP production, calmodulin (CaM) level and cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase(PDE)activity 10 min after intrathecal injection. They recovered to a varying extent two hours later. Pretreatment with selective κ-opioid receptor antagonist nor-BNI 30 nmol 10 min before dynorphin A (1-17) markedly antagonized the effects of dynorphin A (1-17 ) at 20 nmol on hindlimb paralysis and inhibition of intracellular second messengers. The L-type calcium channel blocker verapamil (100nmol) also played a role in blocking dynorphin neurotoxicity. The NMDA receptor antagonist APV could partially or completely block dynorphin inhibition of CaM level and PDE activity without affecting paralysis and decrease of AC-cAMP level induced by dynorphin A(1-17) 10 min after intrathecal injection.
基金supported by the China Ministry of Science and Technology 973 (2010CB833902)863 grants (2008AA022902)
文摘Atmospheric CO2 can signal the presence of food, predators or environmental stress and trigger stereotypical behaviors in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Recent studies have shown that the necklace olfactory system in mice sensitively detects CO2 in the air. Olfactory CO2 neurons are believed to rely on cyclic gnanosine monophosphate （cGMP） as the key second messenger; however, the specific ion channel underlying CO2 responses remains unclear. Here we show that CO2-evoked neuronal and behavioral responses require cyclic nucleotide-gated （CNG） channels consisting of the CNGA3 subunit. Through Ca2＋-imaging, we found that CO2-triggered Ca2＋ influx was abolished in necklace olfactory sensory neurons （OSNs） of CNGA3-knockout mice. Olfactory detection tests using a Go/No-go paradigm showed that these knockout mice failed to detect 0.5% CO2. Thus, sensitive detection of atmospheric CO2 depends on the function of CNG channels consisting of the CNGA3 subunit in necklace OSNs. These data support the important role of the necklace olfactory system in CO2 sensing and extend our understanding of the signal transduction pathway mediating CO2 detection in mammals [Current Zoology 56 （6）： 793-799, 2010].
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31000495,30970975,30821002)Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China(No.20100071120046,20100071120042)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central UniversitiesYoung Scientist Foundation of Fudan University,China
文摘Interleukin-33 （IL-33）, a newly recognized IL-1 family member, is expressed by various tissues and cells. Since it can combine with chromosomes, IL-33 is regarded as an intracellular transcription repressor. Upon proinflammatory stimulation, it is released as an extracellular cytokine to function as an alarmin to dangerous signals. The IL-33 receptor is a heterodimer complex composed of ST2 and the IL-1 receptor accessory protein, the latter being conserved in other IL-1 family members. The IL-33/ST2 signaling pathway plays critical roles in inflammatory and immune diseases, as well as in central nervous system （CNS） diseases. Recently, there has been an increasing focus on IL-33, particularly on its production and functions in the CNS. The present review mainly focuses on progress in research on IL-33, especially its roles in the CNS.
文摘Wingless/Int （Wnt） signaling pathways are signal transduction mechanisms that have been widely studied In the field of embryogen- esis. Recent work has established a critical role for these pathways in brain development, especially of midbrain dopaminergic neu- rones, However, the fundamental importance of Wnt signaling for the normal function of mature neurones in the adult central nervous system has also lately been demonstrated by an increasing number of studies. Parkinson＇s disease （PD） is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease worldwide and is currently incurable. This debilitating disease is characterized by the progres- sive loss of a subset of midbrain dopaminergic neurones in the substontla nigm leadingto typical extrapyramidal motor symptoms. The aetiology of PD is poorly understood but work performed over the Last two decades has identified a growing number of genetic defects that underlie this condition. Herewe review a growing body of data connecting genes implicated in PD--most notablythe PARKgenes-- with Wnt signaling. These observations provide clues to the normal function of these proteins in healthy neurones and suggest that deregulated Wnt signaling might be a frequent pathomechanlsm leading to PD. These observations have implications for the patho- genesis and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases in general.
文摘Wnts comprise a large family of proteins that have shown to be part of a signaling cascade that regulates several aspects of develop- ment including organogenesis, mid brain development as welt as stem cell proliferation. Wnt signaling pathway plays different roles in the development of neuronal circuits and also in the adult brain, where it regulates synaptic transmission and plasticity. It has been also implicated in various diseases including cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, reflecting its relevance in fundamental biological pro- cesses. This review summarizes the progress about Wnts function in mature nervous system with a focus on Alzheimer＇s disease （AD）. We discuss the prospects of modulating canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling as a strategy for neuroprotection. This will include the potential of Wnts to： （i） act as potent regulators of hippocampai synapses and impact in learning and memory; （ii） regulate adult neurogenesis; and finally （iii） control AD pathogenesis.
