One of the greatest challenges in critical zone studies is to document the moisture dynamics, water flux,and solute chemistry of the unsaturated, fractured and weathered bedrock that lies between the soil and groundwa...One of the greatest challenges in critical zone studies is to document the moisture dynamics, water flux,and solute chemistry of the unsaturated, fractured and weathered bedrock that lies between the soil and groundwater table. The central impediment to quantifying this component of the subsurface is the difficulty associated with direct observations. Here, we report solute chemistry as a function of depth collected over a full year across the shale-derived vadose zone of the Eel River Critical Zone Observatory using a set of novel sub-horizontal wellbores,referred to as the vadose zone monitoring system. The results of this first geochemical glimpse into the deep vadose zone indicate a dynamic temporal and depth-resolved structure. Major cation concentrations reflect seasonal changes in precipitation and water saturation, and normalized ratios span the full range of values reported for the world's largest rivers.展开更多
With the wide application of ionic liquids(ILs)in various fields,developing efficient techniques to recover ILs from effluent is an urgent demand for the cost reduction and the environmental protection.In this study,a...With the wide application of ionic liquids(ILs)in various fields,developing efficient techniques to recover ILs from effluent is an urgent demand for the cost reduction and the environmental protection.In this study,an electrodialysis(ED)method was used to recover 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride([Bmim]Cl)IL from aqueous solution as model effluent.The influences of initial IL concentration and applied voltage on the current efficiency,removal ratio,desalination ratio,membrane flux and specific energy consumption during the ED process were investigated.It was found that the removal ratio and desalination ratio increases with the increasing of initial IL concentration and applied voltage.The current efficiency decreases with the increasing of initial IL concentration and the current efficiency reached the maximum value of 94.3%at 25 V.Besides,as the applied voltage increases,the membrane flux increases and the specific energy consumption decreases.Moreover,the fouling of cation-exchange membrane was also discovered after the desalination of IL.The deposits on the surface or into the membrane which is probably caused by[Bmim]+was characterized by scanning electron microscopy,elemental analysis and Fourier transform infrared.展开更多
基金supported by the US National Science Foundation,Project EAR-1331904 for the Eel River Critical Zone Observatory
文摘One of the greatest challenges in critical zone studies is to document the moisture dynamics, water flux,and solute chemistry of the unsaturated, fractured and weathered bedrock that lies between the soil and groundwater table. The central impediment to quantifying this component of the subsurface is the difficulty associated with direct observations. Here, we report solute chemistry as a function of depth collected over a full year across the shale-derived vadose zone of the Eel River Critical Zone Observatory using a set of novel sub-horizontal wellbores,referred to as the vadose zone monitoring system. The results of this first geochemical glimpse into the deep vadose zone indicate a dynamic temporal and depth-resolved structure. Major cation concentrations reflect seasonal changes in precipitation and water saturation, and normalized ratios span the full range of values reported for the world's largest rivers.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)(2013CB733506)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21036007,21076113)
文摘With the wide application of ionic liquids(ILs)in various fields,developing efficient techniques to recover ILs from effluent is an urgent demand for the cost reduction and the environmental protection.In this study,an electrodialysis(ED)method was used to recover 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride([Bmim]Cl)IL from aqueous solution as model effluent.The influences of initial IL concentration and applied voltage on the current efficiency,removal ratio,desalination ratio,membrane flux and specific energy consumption during the ED process were investigated.It was found that the removal ratio and desalination ratio increases with the increasing of initial IL concentration and applied voltage.The current efficiency decreases with the increasing of initial IL concentration and the current efficiency reached the maximum value of 94.3%at 25 V.Besides,as the applied voltage increases,the membrane flux increases and the specific energy consumption decreases.Moreover,the fouling of cation-exchange membrane was also discovered after the desalination of IL.The deposits on the surface or into the membrane which is probably caused by[Bmim]+was characterized by scanning electron microscopy,elemental analysis and Fourier transform infrared.
