谈科技英语汉译的语言形式转换

谈科技英语汉译的语言形式转换黄湘（中南工学院）引言凡是学过英语的中国人多少都知道英语和汉语两种语言形式上的差异，但是在将英语译成汉语时，有些人特别是初学者却往往忽视这种差异。钱歌川先生在《英文疑难详解》一书中曾引用过这样一句英文：Ｈｉｓｗｏｒｋｍａｄ...

Penetration depth and concentration distribution for implanted heavy ions with low energies in plant seeds by SEM and EDS

The penetration depth and concentration distribution of implanted ions have been studied for low energy heavy ions implanted in the dry seeds of plant, such as peanut, mung beau, sunflower, wheat and radish seeds, etc. by SEM+EDS. The results .how that the maximum penetration depth is about 12μm for V+ with an energy 200 keV implanted in cotyledon of the peanut, 18pm, spin, 20μm for V2+ with 90 keV implanted in sunflower, wheat, radish seeds, respectively. The penetration depth of implanted Cu2+ with 80 keV is about 90μm in the remainder funicle derivative of the mung beau seeds. The experimental result of the maximum penetration depth of implanted V+ in the peanut seeds was compared with the calculated value of the TRIM95.

Temperature elevated N ion implantation of Ti6A14V alloys using the plasma source

Specimens of Ti6A14V alloy were implanted with nitrogen ions of 4× 1018 cm-2 at temperatures from 100 to 600℃. Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES), microhardness measurements and pin-on-disk wear testing, Scanning Electron Mi- croscopy (SEM), and Glancing angle X-ray Diffraction. (XRD) were utilized to evaluate the surface property improvements. The thickness of implanted layers increased by about an order of magnitude when the temperature was elevated from 100 to 6000℃. Higher surface hardness and wear resistance were also obtained in the high tempera-ture implantation. The XRD image showed the presence of nitrides of titanium at the implanted surface.

Distribution of implanted ions in seeds and roots of mung bean

１ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＩｏｎｉｒａｄｉａｔｉｏｎａｓａｎｅｗｍｕｔａｇｅｎｉｃｓｏｕｒｃｅｈａｓｂｅｅｎ，ｆｏｒｒｅｃｅｎｔｙｅａｒｓ，ａｐｐｌｉｅｄｔｏｔｈｅｍｕｔａｇｅｎｉｃｂｒｅｅｄｉｎｇｏｆｒｉｃｅ，ｃｏｔｏｎ，ｂａｒｌｅｙ，ｒａｙ，ｍａ...

Fluorine ion transmission through thin biological samples

F2+ beam with 3 MeV is used to irradiate thin biological samples (onion innersurface membrane and kidney beau coat) in the transmission measurement, its current densityis 400-800 nA/cm2. Results show that the onion samples can be broken up quickly under ionirradiating; as to kidney beau samples, about 60% of tile implanted ions penetrate the samples,most of them lose part of their energy, fewer ions are found to be able to transmit throughthe sample without energy loss. SEM experiments are carried out to study sample’s damageinduced by tile ions irradiation.

Study of point defect detectors in Si

The importance of point defects in semiconductor and function materials has been studied in detail, but effective means for detecting point defects has notbeen available for a long time. The end of range defects in St, produced by 140keVGe+ implantation, were investigated as detectors for measuring the interstitial concentration created by 42 keV B+ implantation. The concentration of interstitial resultingfrom the B+ implantation and the behavior of the interstitial flux under different annealing condition were given. The enhanced diffusion in the boron doped EPI marker,resulting from mobile non-equilibrium interstitials was demonstrated to be transient.Interstitial fluxes arising from processing can be detected by transient enhanced diffusion (TED) of doped marker layers as well.

Long range implantation by MEVVA metal ion source

Metal vapor vacuum arc (MEVVA) source ion implantation is a new technology used for achieving long range ion impantation.It is very important for research and application of the ion beammodification of materials. The results showthat the implanted atom diffusion coefficient increases in Mo implanted Al with high ion flux andhigh dose. The implanted depth is 311.6 times greater than that ofthe corresponding ion range. The ionspecies, doses and ion fluxes play an important part in the long-range implantation. Especially,thermal atom chemistry have specific effect on the long-range implantation during high ion fluximplantation at transient high target temperature.

The characterization of low energy molecular hydrogen ion-induced defects in synthetic diamond by optical absorption

The results of optical absorption analysis of the synthetic diamonds(type Ib) which were implanted with 40 keV molecular hydrogen ions at doses of 10^15-10^17H/cm^2(at 100K),showed that the increase of optical density(OD) of modified layer(-140nm) in UV-VIS region was dependent upon the damage level caused by ion implantation process.The range of relative optical band gap(Er.opt) around 2.0eV suggested that an amorphous carbon network structure like a-C film,which probably contains some localized subtetrabedral-coordinated clusters embedded in the fourflod(sp^3) sites.was tentatively found in this layer,basing on the optical gap of carbon materials.The evolution of Er,opt with ion fluence indicated that no more hydrogenated carbon compositions were produced in as -implanted samples,while the increase of Er,opt with annealing temperature was very similar to that of hydrogen content dependence of Eopt in hydrogenately amorphous carbon(a-C:H):In addition the optical inhomogeneity of type Ib diamond has been revealed by a 2-dimension topograph in transmission mode at λ=430nm。

Biological effects of implantation and penetration of nitrogenion beams on wheat seeds

ＢｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆｉｍｐｌａｎｔａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｐｅｎｅｔｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆｎｉｔｒｏｇｅｎｉｏｎｂｅａｍｓｏｎｗｈｅａｔｓｅｅｄｓＬｉＷｅｎ－Ｊｉａｎ（李文建），ＷｅｉＺｅｎｇ－Ｑｕａｎ（卫增泉），ＸｉｅＨｏｎｇ－Ｍｅｉ（颉红梅）...

THE BEHAVIORS OF 48 keV Si IONS IMPLANTED INTO (100) GaAS

ＴＨＥＢＥＨＡＶＩＯＲＳＯＦ４８ｋｅＶＳｉＩＯＮＳＩＭＰＬＡＮＴＥＤＩＮＴＯ（１００）ＧａＡＳＬｉｕＨｕｉｚｈｅｎ（刘惠珍）；ＣａｏＤｅｘｉｎ（曹德新）；ＺｈｕＤｅｚｈａｎｇ（朱德彰）；ＺｈｕＦｕｙｉｎｇ（朱福英）ａｎｄＣａｏＪｉａｎｑｉｎｇ（曹建清...

Effects of L-arginine on serum nitric oxide, nitric oxide synthase and mucosal Na^+-K^+-ATPase and nitric oxide synthase activity in segmental small-bowel autotransplantation model

AIM:To explore a simple method to create intestinal autotransplantation in rats and growing pigs and to investigate the effect of L-arginine supplementation on serum nitric oxide (NO), nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and intestinal mucosal NOS and Na+-K+-ATPase activity during cold ischemia-reperfusion (IR) in growing pigs. METHODS: In adult Wistar rat models of small bowel autotransplantation, a fine tube was inserted into mesenteric artery via the abdominal aorta. The superior mesenteric artery and vein were occluded. Isolated terminal ileum segment was irrigated with Ringer's solution at 4℃ and preserved in the same solution at 0-4℃ for 60 min. Then, the tube was removed and reperfusion was established. In growing pig models, a terminal ileum segment, 50 cm in length, was isolated and its mesenteric artery was irrigated via a needle with lactated Ringer's solution at 4℃. The method and period of cold preservation and reperfusion were described above. Ten white outbred pigs were randomly divided into control group and experimental group. L-arginine (150 mg/kg) was continuously infused for 15 min before reperfusion and for 30 min after reperfusion in the experimental group. One, 24, 48, and 72 h after reperfusion, peripheral vein blood was respectively collected for NO and NOS determination. At the same time point, intestinal mucosae were also obtained for NOS and Na+-K+-ATPase activity measurement. RESULTS: In adult rat models, 16 of 20 rats sustained the procedure, three died of hemorrhage shock and one of deep anesthesia. In growing pig models, the viability of small bowel graft remained for 72 h after cold IR in eight of 10 pigs. In experimental group, serum NO level at 1 and 24 h after reperfusion increased significantly when compared with control group at the same time point (152.2±61.4μmol/L /s60.8±31.6μmol/L, t=2.802, P=0.02<0.05; 82.2±24.0μmol/L vs 54.0±24.3μmol/L, t=2.490, P=0.04<0.05). Serum NO level increased significantly at 1 h post-reperfusion when compared with the same group before cold IR, 24 and 48 h post-reperfusion (152.2±61.4μmol/L vs 75.6±16.2μmol/L,t=2.820, P=0.02<0.05,82.2±24.0μmol/L,t=2.760, P= 0.03<0.05, 74.2±21.9μmol/L, t=2.822, P= 0.02<0.05). Serum NOS activity at each time point had no significant difference between two groups. In experimental group, intestinal mucosal NOS activity at 1 h post-reperfusion reduced significantly when compared with pre-cold IR (0.79±0.04 U/mg vs 0.46±0.12 U/mg, t = 3.460, P= 0.009<0.01). Mucosal NOS activity at 24, 48, and 72 h post-reperfusion also reduced significantly when compared with pre-cold IR (0.79±0.04 U/mg vs 0.57±0.14 U/mg, t= 2.380, P=0.04 <0.05, 0.61±0.11 U/mg, t= 2.309, P = 0.04<0.05, 0.63±0.12U/mg, t = 2.307, P= 0.04<0.05). In control group, mucosal NOS activity at 1 and 24 h post-reperfusion was significantly lower than that in pre-cold IR (0.72±0.12 U/mg vs 0.60±0.07 U/mg, t= 2.320, P= 0.04<0.05, 0.58±0.18 U/mg, t=2.310, P= 0.04<0.05). When compared to the normal value, Na+-K+-ATPase activity increased significantly at 48 and 72 h post-reperfusion in experimental group (2.48±0.59μmol/mg vs 3.89±1.43μmol/mg, t=3.202, P= 0.04<0.05, 3.96±0.86μmol/mg, t=3.401, P= 0.009 <0.01) and control group (2.48±0.59μmol/mg vs 3.58±0.76 μmol/mg, t=2.489, P= 0.04<0.05, 3.67±0.81μmol/mg, t= 2.542, P= 0.03<0.05). CONCLUSION: This novel technique for intestinal autotransplantation provides a potentially consistent and practical model for experimental studies of graft cold preservation. L-arginine supplementation during cold IR may act as a useful adjunct to preserve the grafted intestine.

AN ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR OF NANO-CRYSTALLINE IN SiO_2 SUBSTRATE

Temperature dependence of the hyperfine field of Fe nanocrystalline in SiO2matrix prepared by using an ion implantation and subsequent heat treatment can not be described by a formula for the isolated Fe nanocrystalline.The large stresses or chemical bond force to which interface atoms may be subjected lead to increase effective anisotropic constant. In addition a little concentration of oxygen atoms contained in the crystalline might enhance the hyperfine field.

An integrated biomarker response index for the mussel Mytilus edulis based on laboratory exposure to anthracene and field transplantation experiments

Organic pollution is a serious environmental problem in coastal areas and it is important to establish quantitative methods for monitoring this pollution. This study screened a series of sensitive biomarkers to construct an integrated biomarker response （IBR） index using Mytilus edulis. Mussels were exposed to the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon anthracene trader controlled laboratory conditions and the activities of components of the glutathione antioxidant system, and the concentrations of oxidative-damage markers, were measured in the gills and digestive glands. Anthracene exposure resulted in increased levels of malondialdehyde （MDA） and superoxide radicals （O2-·）, indicating that oxidative damage had occurred. Correspondingly, anthracene exposure induced increased activities of glutathione S-transferase （GST）, glutathione peroxidase （GPx） and reduced glutathione （GSH） in digestive glands, and GPx and glutathione reductase （GR） in gills, consistent with stimulation of the antioxidant system. A field experiment was set up, in which mussels from a relatively clean area were transplanted to a contaminated site. One month later, the activities of GST, GPx and GR had increased in several tissues, particularly in the digestive glands. Based on the laboratory experiment, an IBR, which showed a positive relationship with anthracene exposure, was constructed. The IBR is suggested to be a potentially useful tool for assessing anthracene pollution.

Changes of Ca^2+ activated potassium channels and cellular proliferation in autogenous vein grafts

Objective: To investigate changes of Ca2+ activated potassium channels (KCa) in autogenous vein grafts. Methods: Contraction of venous ring was measured by means of perfusion in vitro. The intimal rabbits proliferation of vascular and proliferation of cultured smooth muscle cells(vascular smooth muscle cells, VSMCs)were observed by the means of computerised image analysis and MTT method respectively. Furthermore, whole cell mode of patch clamp was used to record KCa of VSMCs isolated from autogenous vein grafts. Results: One week after transplantation there were no significant differences of contraction and intimal relative thickness between autogenous vein grafts and control. Contraction and intimal relative thickness of autogenous vein graft were significantly increased 2 weeks after transplantation (P<0.05, n=8 vs control), and they was more enhanced 4 weeks after vein transplantation (P<0.01, n=8 vs control).TEA(blocker of Ca2+ activated potassium channels)increased MTT A490 nm value of VSMCs from femoral vein in a dose dependent manner(P<0.05, n=8). KCa current density was significantly attenuated in VSMCs from autogenous vein grafts (1-4) week after transplantation(P<0.05, n=5).Conclusion: KCa is inhibited in autogenous vein graft, which account for vasospasm and intimal proliferation.

Treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile colitis:a narrative review

Clostridium difficile is a gram-positive,spore-forming,obligate anaerobic bacillus that was originally isolated from the stool of a healthy neonate in 1935.In high-income countries,C.difficile is the most common cause of infectious diarrhoea in hospitalized patients.The incidence of C.difficile infection in the USA has increased markedly since 2000,with hospitalizations for C.difficile infections in non-pregnant adults doubling between 2000 and 2010.Between 20%and 35%of patients with C.difficile infection will fail initial antibiotic treatment and,of these,40–60%will have a second recurrence.Recurrence of C.difficile infection after initial treatment causes substantial morbidity and is a major burden on health care systems.In this article,current treatments for recurrent C.difficile infection are reviewed and future directions explored.These include the use of antibiotics,probiotics,donor faecal transplants,anion resins,secondary bile acids or anti-toxin antibodies.