言论自由条款仅保障政治言论自由吗

言论自由,从其字面意思理解是指表达各种主张和意见的自由。在比较宪法学上,言论自由是一项兼具公民权利和政治权利属性的基本权利。然而,传统上中国宪法学界视现行我国宪法中的言论自由为一项政治权利。近期,有学者试图借鉴美国学者米克尔约翰的公私言论二分法来为言论自由的政治权利属性提供理论基础。这项理论借鉴并未领会米克尔约翰的公私言论二分法的精髓,将私人言论自由完全排除在宪法言论自由条款的保护范围之外,既不符合米克尔约翰言论二分法的原意,也不符合各国保护言论自由的宪法实践,更无法为其预设的两个现实问题提供有效的解决方案。

Value Disclosure of Young Adults Through Social Media in the Iraqi Kurdistan Region as an Emerging Democracy

This study examines how accurate young adults in the Iraqi Kurdistan Region, as an emerging democracy in the Middle East, express their core values through social media （Facebook in this context）. It also explores whether privacy affects with value disclosure. Findings show that value disclosure and definition of privacy varied greatly among respondents and from one value to another. Based on in-depth interview with 12 young adults, the study finds that religious, social, and cultural values have been easily and freely expressed on Facebook accounts by the majority of young adults, whereas other values such as honesty, freedom of speech, and political beliefs are being held by others mainly for privacy issues and political reasons. Democracy was a core value for some young adults seeking to make sense of the western principles of democracy and that reflect on their Facebook account. Results suggest that male respondents practice more freedom and less caution about their privacy than the female respondents on Facebook.

言论双层区分语境下网络诽谤犯罪的刑法规制

基于宪法对公共言论和私人言论的区别保护精神,刑法在对二者进行规制时也必须区别对待,但现行关于网络诽谤犯罪的刑法规定并未贯彻这一精神,且相关司法解释不当降低了私人言论构成诽谤罪的入罪门槛。因此,要实现网络诽谤犯罪的合理惩处,应当在《刑法》第246条中增加针对公共言论的免责条款,且法官在适用相关司法解释时必须进行严格解释。