[Objective] The aim was to improve the biogas production rate,and improve the use ratio of rice straws to the furthest.[Method] Single-factor method was adopted to analyze the influence of inoculated amount,total soli...[Objective] The aim was to improve the biogas production rate,and improve the use ratio of rice straws to the furthest.[Method] Single-factor method was adopted to analyze the influence of inoculated amount,total solid content and carbon-nitrogen ratio on biogas production in biogas station of Nanjing University of Technology.[Result] It was found that the most optimum condition was：inoculated amount of 34%,total solid content of 6%,and carbon-nitrogen ratio of 25：1.According to the experimental verification,the total biogas yield in experimental group increased by 27.6% over the control group.[Conclusion] The research provided the reference of the further industrialization production of biogas using straw.展开更多
Calcaric regosols are a valuable land resource, distributed widely across western China. Soil quality has deteriorated considerably in recent years owing to the blind pursuit of economic benefits. A 2-year field exper...Calcaric regosols are a valuable land resource, distributed widely across western China. Soil quality has deteriorated considerably in recent years owing to the blind pursuit of economic benefits. A 2-year field experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of using spent mushroom compost, leguminous plant (Vicia sepium L.) compost, and a combination of the two (at a 1:1 and 2:1 ratio), on rice yield and soil quality in a suburb of China. Vicia sepium L. composted with spent mushroom compost at a 1:1 ratio produced the highest grain and stover yield, grain and stover phosphorus concentration, and phosphorus uptake of rice; they were 56.5%, 93.2%, 89.3%, 198.6% and 22.2% greater than control soil, respectively. The 2:1 ratio (Vicia sepium L.: spent mushroom compost) produced the highest grain N concentration, stover N concentration, and N uptake; they were 31.6%, 31.4%, and 40.7% higher than control, respectively. Soil physical, chemical, and environmental properties were improved with the application of Vicia sepium L. composted with spent mushroom compost at a 2:1 ratio. In particular, soil water-stable aggregates, organic carbon, particulate organic carbon, total nitrogen, available potassium, and cation exchange capacity increased, whereas bulk density, pH, and phytoavailable heavy metals decreased. This organic treatment is beneficial to improve soil quality indicators, and contribute to soil restoration.展开更多
Aqueous ammonia was used to pretreat wheat straw to improve biodegradability and provide nitrogen source for enhancing biogas production. Three doses of ammonia(2%, 4%, and 6%, dry matter) and three moisture contents(...Aqueous ammonia was used to pretreat wheat straw to improve biodegradability and provide nitrogen source for enhancing biogas production. Three doses of ammonia(2%, 4%, and 6%, dry matter) and three moisture contents(30%, 60%, and 80%, dry matter) were applied to pretreat wheat straw for 7 days. The pretreated wheat straws were anaerobically digested at three loading rates(50, 65, and 80 g·L-1) to produce biogas. The results indicated that the wheat straw pretreated with 80% moisture content and 4% ammonia achieved the highest methane yield of 199.7 ml·g-1(based on per unit volatile solids loaded), with shorter digestion time(T80) of 25 days at the loading rate of 65 g·L-1compared to untreated one. The main chemical compositions of wheat straw were also analyzed. The cellulose and hemicellulose contents were decomposed by 2%-20% and 26%-42%, respectively,while the lignin content was hardly removed, cold-water and hot-water extracts were increased by 4%-44%, and12%-52%, respectively, for the ammonia-pretreated wheat straws at different moisture contents. The appropriate C/N ratio and decomposition of original chemical compositions into relatively readily biodegradable substances will improve the biodegradability and biogas yield.展开更多
From 2017 to 2018,the effects of winter planting of milk vetch on yield and partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer of machine-transplanted double-cropping rice under straw returning were studied in Ningxiang city...From 2017 to 2018,the effects of winter planting of milk vetch on yield and partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer of machine-transplanted double-cropping rice under straw returning were studied in Ningxiang city,Hunan Province.The results showed that the dry matter accumulation,effective panicle,yield and partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer in the stem,leaf,panicle and aboveground parts of early and late rice treated with winter planting milk vetch and straw returning were signi ficantly higher than those treated with straw returning only.Among them,the effective panicles of early and late rice increased by 2.58%,3.18%(2017)and 5.22%,6.32%(2018),respectively.Yield increased by 11.85%,10.07%(2017)and 12.42%,10.92%(2018),annual partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer increased by 10.90%(2017)and 11.66%(2018),respectively.In conclusion,winter planting milk vetch under straw returning is beneficial to increase dry matter accumulation,rice yield and partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer in mechanized double cropping rice.展开更多
Stem rust, caused by Puccinia graminis Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks ＆ E. Henn., is an important disease of wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） in many countries. To estimate grain yield losses due race Ug99 （TTKSK）, repli...Stem rust, caused by Puccinia graminis Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks ＆ E. Henn., is an important disease of wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） in many countries. To estimate grain yield losses due race Ug99 （TTKSK）, replicated experiments including fifteen wheat cultivars were screened for seedling and adult plant resistance. Greenhouse seedling test was conducted under controlled conditions. Field experiments were set up at two locations, Mau-Narok and KARI-Njoro, during 2008 and 2009 cropping seasons. The stem rust epidemics were created by inoculating spreader rows of a susceptible variety planted perpendicular to rows of non-protected plots. Rust severity and infection response were determined using modified Cobb scale. All the cultivars were susceptible at seedling stage, but some displayed adult plant resistance response despite of the high disease pressure. Mean grain yield losses ranged between 5.6% and 66.3% and were highly correlated to final disease severity （FDS） and the area under disease progress curve （AUDPC）. Genetic studies are needed to characterise the adult plant resistance in tolerant culti（,ars to race Ug99 for exploitation in breeding for resistance.展开更多
Sustaining rice （Oryza sativa L.） productivity at high level is a great challenge, particularly in areas where rice productivity declines in spite of following recommended nutrient management practices. Nutrient man...Sustaining rice （Oryza sativa L.） productivity at high level is a great challenge, particularly in areas where rice productivity declines in spite of following recommended nutrient management practices. Nutrient management by integrating organic manures, inorganic fertilizers and biofertilizers may play an important role in improving and sustaining rice productivity. In this study, the authors tried to evaluate the suitable proportion of organic manures and inorganic fertilizers along with biofertilizer to maximize growth and productivity of hybrid rice on sandy-loam lateritic soils of West Bengal, India. The crop having 50% recommended dose of fertilizer （RDF） ＋ 50% recommended dose of nitrogen （RDN） through mustard oil cake （MOC） and 75% RDF ＋ 25% RDN through MOC ＋ biofertilizer significantly increased plant height, number of tillers/m2, leaf area index （LAI）, dry matter accumulation （DMA） and crop growth rate （CGR） at initial and vital period of grain growth over those of 25% RDF ＋ 75% RDN through MOC and 100% RDN through MOC. The former two treatments also increased number of panicles/m2 and number of grains/panicle over those of only organic manuring （100% RDN） or only chemical fertilization （100% RDF） or 25% RDF ＋ 75% RDN through MOC. Crop with 75% RDF ＋ 25% RDN through MOC ＋ biofertilizer or 50% RDF ＋ 50% RDN through MOC produced 20.2%-33.8% higher grain yield and 11.0%-33.3% greater straw yield, and paid higher gross and net returns over other treatments. This study suggests growing hybrid rice with 75% RDF ＋ 25% RDN through MOC ＋ biofertilizer or 50% RDF ＋ 50% RDN through MOC for better growth, higher productivity and greater profit.展开更多
This paper studies the effect of reducing sugar concentration, reducing sugar yield and byproducts furfural concentration that generate by straw under the condition of acid concentration and flow rate in the gradient ...This paper studies the effect of reducing sugar concentration, reducing sugar yield and byproducts furfural concentration that generate by straw under the condition of acid concentration and flow rate in the gradient temperature hydrolysis process （60℃-230℃）, we can conclude that reducing sugar yield is highest when the concentration of sulfuric acid is 1%, the velocity of reaction liquid is 25mL/min, at the highest concentration of wheat straw yield of reducing sugar up to 32.9g/L, the reducing sugar yield was 60.8%. At this point the furfural concentration is lower than 1.0g/L, but in the entire gradient heating process, reducing sugar concentration peak of furfural concentration peak appears in the temperature lower, can realize the separation of the reducing sugar and furfural good, reduce the inhibition of fermentation by- products such follow-up treatment process.展开更多
In order to explore the technology and effects of reducing nitrogen and potassium fertilizer applications in double-cropping rice,a field plot experiment was conducted to study the effects of optimized application of ...In order to explore the technology and effects of reducing nitrogen and potassium fertilizer applications in double-cropping rice,a field plot experiment was conducted to study the effects of optimized application of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers combined with returning Chinese milk vetch and straw to fields on yield,fertilizer utilization efficiency,net photosynthetic rate(Pn),stomatal conductance(Gs),intercellular CO_(2) concentration(Ci),chlorophyll content(SPAD value)and soil physical and chemical properties in late rice harvest period.The results showed that the optimized application of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers combined with the integrated technology of Chinese milk vetch and straw co-returning to the field could enhance the photosynthetic efficiency of double-cropping rice,increase rice yield,and enhance soil biological activity,especially T4 treatment involving the returning of Chinese milk vetch and straw to the field instead of 30%nitrogen fertilizer achieved the highest rice yield,fertilizer use efficiency,net photosynthetic rate and soil biological activity.Compared with the conventional fertilization treatment T2,the total rice yield of T4 treatment increased by 4.1%,among which the early rice and late rice increased by 6.3%and 2.4%,respectively;Pn,Gs and SPAD values of flag leaves at full heading stage significantly increased,and the contents of soil active organic carbon,alkali hydrolyzed nitrogen,available phosphorus and readily available potassium significantly increased.展开更多
基金Suppoted by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21046004 )the National Key Technology R & D Program(2011BAD15B02)+1 种基金the National Program of Key Basic Research Project (2009CB724700)the Provincial Key Technology R & DProgram (BE20)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to improve the biogas production rate,and improve the use ratio of rice straws to the furthest.[Method] Single-factor method was adopted to analyze the influence of inoculated amount,total solid content and carbon-nitrogen ratio on biogas production in biogas station of Nanjing University of Technology.[Result] It was found that the most optimum condition was：inoculated amount of 34%,total solid content of 6%,and carbon-nitrogen ratio of 25：1.According to the experimental verification,the total biogas yield in experimental group increased by 27.6% over the control group.[Conclusion] The research provided the reference of the further industrialization production of biogas using straw.
基金funded by the National Science and Technology Support Project (Grant No.2008BAD7B09-2)
文摘Calcaric regosols are a valuable land resource, distributed widely across western China. Soil quality has deteriorated considerably in recent years owing to the blind pursuit of economic benefits. A 2-year field experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of using spent mushroom compost, leguminous plant (Vicia sepium L.) compost, and a combination of the two (at a 1:1 and 2:1 ratio), on rice yield and soil quality in a suburb of China. Vicia sepium L. composted with spent mushroom compost at a 1:1 ratio produced the highest grain and stover yield, grain and stover phosphorus concentration, and phosphorus uptake of rice; they were 56.5%, 93.2%, 89.3%, 198.6% and 22.2% greater than control soil, respectively. The 2:1 ratio (Vicia sepium L.: spent mushroom compost) produced the highest grain N concentration, stover N concentration, and N uptake; they were 31.6%, 31.4%, and 40.7% higher than control, respectively. Soil physical, chemical, and environmental properties were improved with the application of Vicia sepium L. composted with spent mushroom compost at a 2:1 ratio. In particular, soil water-stable aggregates, organic carbon, particulate organic carbon, total nitrogen, available potassium, and cation exchange capacity increased, whereas bulk density, pH, and phytoavailable heavy metals decreased. This organic treatment is beneficial to improve soil quality indicators, and contribute to soil restoration.
基金Supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(2008AA062401)the China-US International Cooperation Project(2011DFA90800)the Ministry of Science and Technology,China
文摘Aqueous ammonia was used to pretreat wheat straw to improve biodegradability and provide nitrogen source for enhancing biogas production. Three doses of ammonia(2%, 4%, and 6%, dry matter) and three moisture contents(30%, 60%, and 80%, dry matter) were applied to pretreat wheat straw for 7 days. The pretreated wheat straws were anaerobically digested at three loading rates(50, 65, and 80 g·L-1) to produce biogas. The results indicated that the wheat straw pretreated with 80% moisture content and 4% ammonia achieved the highest methane yield of 199.7 ml·g-1(based on per unit volatile solids loaded), with shorter digestion time(T80) of 25 days at the loading rate of 65 g·L-1compared to untreated one. The main chemical compositions of wheat straw were also analyzed. The cellulose and hemicellulose contents were decomposed by 2%-20% and 26%-42%, respectively,while the lignin content was hardly removed, cold-water and hot-water extracts were increased by 4%-44%, and12%-52%, respectively, for the ammonia-pretreated wheat straws at different moisture contents. The appropriate C/N ratio and decomposition of original chemical compositions into relatively readily biodegradable substances will improve the biodegradability and biogas yield.
文摘From 2017 to 2018,the effects of winter planting of milk vetch on yield and partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer of machine-transplanted double-cropping rice under straw returning were studied in Ningxiang city,Hunan Province.The results showed that the dry matter accumulation,effective panicle,yield and partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer in the stem,leaf,panicle and aboveground parts of early and late rice treated with winter planting milk vetch and straw returning were signi ficantly higher than those treated with straw returning only.Among them,the effective panicles of early and late rice increased by 2.58%,3.18%(2017)and 5.22%,6.32%(2018),respectively.Yield increased by 11.85%,10.07%(2017)and 12.42%,10.92%(2018),annual partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer increased by 10.90%(2017)and 11.66%(2018),respectively.In conclusion,winter planting milk vetch under straw returning is beneficial to increase dry matter accumulation,rice yield and partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer in mechanized double cropping rice.
文摘Stem rust, caused by Puccinia graminis Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks ＆ E. Henn., is an important disease of wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） in many countries. To estimate grain yield losses due race Ug99 （TTKSK）, replicated experiments including fifteen wheat cultivars were screened for seedling and adult plant resistance. Greenhouse seedling test was conducted under controlled conditions. Field experiments were set up at two locations, Mau-Narok and KARI-Njoro, during 2008 and 2009 cropping seasons. The stem rust epidemics were created by inoculating spreader rows of a susceptible variety planted perpendicular to rows of non-protected plots. Rust severity and infection response were determined using modified Cobb scale. All the cultivars were susceptible at seedling stage, but some displayed adult plant resistance response despite of the high disease pressure. Mean grain yield losses ranged between 5.6% and 66.3% and were highly correlated to final disease severity （FDS） and the area under disease progress curve （AUDPC）. Genetic studies are needed to characterise the adult plant resistance in tolerant culti（,ars to race Ug99 for exploitation in breeding for resistance.
文摘Sustaining rice （Oryza sativa L.） productivity at high level is a great challenge, particularly in areas where rice productivity declines in spite of following recommended nutrient management practices. Nutrient management by integrating organic manures, inorganic fertilizers and biofertilizers may play an important role in improving and sustaining rice productivity. In this study, the authors tried to evaluate the suitable proportion of organic manures and inorganic fertilizers along with biofertilizer to maximize growth and productivity of hybrid rice on sandy-loam lateritic soils of West Bengal, India. The crop having 50% recommended dose of fertilizer （RDF） ＋ 50% recommended dose of nitrogen （RDN） through mustard oil cake （MOC） and 75% RDF ＋ 25% RDN through MOC ＋ biofertilizer significantly increased plant height, number of tillers/m2, leaf area index （LAI）, dry matter accumulation （DMA） and crop growth rate （CGR） at initial and vital period of grain growth over those of 25% RDF ＋ 75% RDN through MOC and 100% RDN through MOC. The former two treatments also increased number of panicles/m2 and number of grains/panicle over those of only organic manuring （100% RDN） or only chemical fertilization （100% RDF） or 25% RDF ＋ 75% RDN through MOC. Crop with 75% RDF ＋ 25% RDN through MOC ＋ biofertilizer or 50% RDF ＋ 50% RDN through MOC produced 20.2%-33.8% higher grain yield and 11.0%-33.3% greater straw yield, and paid higher gross and net returns over other treatments. This study suggests growing hybrid rice with 75% RDF ＋ 25% RDN through MOC ＋ biofertilizer or 50% RDF ＋ 50% RDN through MOC for better growth, higher productivity and greater profit.
文摘This paper studies the effect of reducing sugar concentration, reducing sugar yield and byproducts furfural concentration that generate by straw under the condition of acid concentration and flow rate in the gradient temperature hydrolysis process （60℃-230℃）, we can conclude that reducing sugar yield is highest when the concentration of sulfuric acid is 1%, the velocity of reaction liquid is 25mL/min, at the highest concentration of wheat straw yield of reducing sugar up to 32.9g/L, the reducing sugar yield was 60.8%. At this point the furfural concentration is lower than 1.0g/L, but in the entire gradient heating process, reducing sugar concentration peak of furfural concentration peak appears in the temperature lower, can realize the separation of the reducing sugar and furfural good, reduce the inhibition of fermentation by- products such follow-up treatment process.
文摘In order to explore the technology and effects of reducing nitrogen and potassium fertilizer applications in double-cropping rice,a field plot experiment was conducted to study the effects of optimized application of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers combined with returning Chinese milk vetch and straw to fields on yield,fertilizer utilization efficiency,net photosynthetic rate(Pn),stomatal conductance(Gs),intercellular CO_(2) concentration(Ci),chlorophyll content(SPAD value)and soil physical and chemical properties in late rice harvest period.The results showed that the optimized application of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers combined with the integrated technology of Chinese milk vetch and straw co-returning to the field could enhance the photosynthetic efficiency of double-cropping rice,increase rice yield,and enhance soil biological activity,especially T4 treatment involving the returning of Chinese milk vetch and straw to the field instead of 30%nitrogen fertilizer achieved the highest rice yield,fertilizer use efficiency,net photosynthetic rate and soil biological activity.Compared with the conventional fertilization treatment T2,the total rice yield of T4 treatment increased by 4.1%,among which the early rice and late rice increased by 6.3%and 2.4%,respectively;Pn,Gs and SPAD values of flag leaves at full heading stage significantly increased,and the contents of soil active organic carbon,alkali hydrolyzed nitrogen,available phosphorus and readily available potassium significantly increased.
