烤烟留种量及种子成熟度对种子产、质量影响研究

本研究在保证种子质量前提下，增留部分杈枝花序，以提高种子产量。结果表明：从种子外观质量、生活力、千粒重等测量结果，以留主花序和留主花序及第一杈枝花序的种子质量最佳，达到一级良种的标准。与此同时，增留第一杈枝花序后，单株留种量比只留主花的增多10g左右，667m2产种量增产16．08kg，相当于667m2良繁地生产出1333m2良繁地的良种量。节约人力、物力、财力及用地面积；种子成熟度研究结果：以开花后25～30d为最佳成熟。此时蒴果饱满充实，种子外观质量最佳，发芽率最高，发芽势最强，千粒重最重。因此蒴果来收期应在开花后25．～30d为宜。

Evaluation of the Production, Quality of Three Cultivars of Rhodes Grass （Chloris Gayana） and Viability of Seeds, Introduced in the Pampas

This paper describes how a research was carried out about Chloris gayana Kunth. The objective of the work was to agronomical characterize the best sowing date, establishment efficiency, first year management, persistence strategies, biomass production and seeds. The parameter evaluated was： morphological, quality and production of seeds of three commercial cultivars （Santana, Finecut and Recleimer）. Trial duration is December 2012 to December 2016 （33o S, 61o W） Argentina. Design three random blocks with three repetitions, plot 5 × 5 meter. The results were analyzed by ANOVA （Analysis of Variance）, and there was used Tukey Test （p 〈 0.05） for comparison of averages, to determine significant differences between the different ones that will be sown. It was determined that the ends of spring dates ensure better establishment. Although the data of morphology of the first year （length of pod, length of blade and number of leaves/plant） presented differences between the cv, they did not mark a tendency that ensures the best development of one. Recleimer with 598 and 1,026 accumulated degree days present the highest values in both measurements. The accumulation of biomass over the years shows that commercial cv show a very similar performance （12,000 kg DM （Dry Matter） per hectare per year）. The annual accumulation of DM would not vary significantly as monthly cuts are applied during the growing season or total accumulation without cuts would be allowed. In relation to quality parameters （gross protein, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber）, Recleimer has the lowest values. Santana and Finecut were best in quality. Production of the seed was highest in May for all cvs. However, viability was limited in all date but Finecut and Recleimer showed best performance. As expected, in the megathermal species, seed production being one of the critical points.

Scanning Electron Microscopically Study of Sesame Seeds Infected with Macrophomina phaseolina

The direct impact of seed-borne fungi on seed is considerable. Many fungi are serious parasites of seed primordial and maturing seeds and reduce yield of seed both quantitatively and qualitatively. Other fungi, including saprophytes and very weak parasites, may lower the quality of seeds by causing discoloration which may seriously depreciate the commercial value of seeds, particularly of grain when graded for consumption. Studies by using scanning electron microscopy （SEM） confirmed the importance of the seed coat, and seed cells as infection sites as well as location of the mycelium of the investigated fungus. Macrophominaphaseolina The present investigation is undertaken to study the colonization, infection and fungal establishment on different sesame seed parts by （SEM）. A successful colonization of M. phaseolina to seed tissues was also detected. Different forms of pycnidial shapes were also observed.

Study on Key Techniques for High-quality and High-yield Cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum Spore Powder

Comparative test of 4 Ganoderma lucidum varieties from different sources showed that the mycelium of Chizhi 1 grew fast with thick and dense hyphae,round and solid cap,and high spore powder yield.Chizhi 1 was proved to be an excellent variety because of its strong resistance and high spore powder yield.Different cultivation materials were chosen and combined to form 3 cultivation formulations.The results showed that Formulation(3),in which basswood was soaked in nutrient solution for 24 h,presented fast mycelial growth and high spore powder output,and therefore was proved to be a high-yield formulation of Ganoderma lucidum spore powder.

Safflower Evaluation under Contrasted Environment Conditions and Selection of Promising Genotypes

Development of stable crops cultivars adapted to environmental constraints is very important for food security. Safflower, an oilseed crop which tolerates environmental abiotic stresses, is suitable for marginal lands relatively dry and deprived from fertilizer inputs or irrigation. A set of Moroccan and introduced cultivars as well as international accessions were conducted at Oujda （Eastern of Morocco） during 2009-2010 for late and conventional sowing under two water regimes, in a field experiment using a completely randomized design, with three replications. The objective was to evaluate the effect of genotype and contrasting environment on safflower behavior and to select genotypes with large adaptation to the contrasted environmental conditions. Morphological, physiological and agronomic traits, as well as the stress susceptibility index （SSI）, were recorded in this study. Results showed significant effect of genotype, year （sowing time）, water regime and their interaction on most of the studied parameters. Late sowing and drought affected negatively all the parameters except seed oil which lightly increased under drought stress. Number of heads per plant （NHP） had the strongest association with seed yield under both drought and non-drought conditions, and hence could be taken as selection criterion for safflower seed yield improvement. Five accessions showed the highest overall mean seed yield （~ 1,000 kg/ha） and four accessions exhibited the highest overall mean seed oil content （〉 310 g/kg）. For late sowing, the accessions P1262421 and PI537604 produced the highest seed yield （〉 800 kg/ha） and the highest seed oil content （〉 290 g/kg）. For conventional sowing, the accessions PI250076 and PI250523 were the most performant, with a seed yield 〉 1,300 kg/ha and a seed oil content 〉 330 g/kg. Based on their mean productivity across environments, their SSI and their MDA, P1271073 and P1250076 could be selected and used as promising germplasm in safflower breeding program in Morocco as well as other dry areas throughout the world.

The Impact of Land Fragmentation in the Qualitative and Quantitative Aspect of Seeds and Their Production

Due to the pedo-climate conditions in the region of Korca, this area is considered to be one of the most favorable regions for cultivating various kinds of plants such as cereals, vegetables, wood-trees, vineyards, etc. All the factors such as rain, temperature, the impact of sunlight, and the pathological structure of the land, make this region one of the most productive and qualitative among the others. Changing the political systems in Albania during the last decades in Albania had its own impact even in the agricultural aspect. Shifting from communism into a modem, capitalist economy built a huge barrier for farmers in their way to intensifying the agricultural production. Dividing the land according to the law number 7,501, was accompanied by a severe fragmentation of the plot, reducing the degree of mechanization and chemical process. In this paper, the authors will try to analyze the effect of law fragmentation in the regional farmers working process in the region of Korea, and other municipalities such as Bilisht and Maliq, nearby Korea. There were randomly interviewed 150 farmers, from which 30 from the municipality of Bilisht, 22 from Korca municipality and 15 from Maliqi. From each farmer, these were the variables taken into consideration： Total land area, irrigated land, the number of plots, the area planted with wheat, corn, vegetables, fruit, vineyards, and forages. All the data that were gathered and translated into figures have indicated statistic elements such as the average value of each variable, deviation or standard deviation, coefficient of variation, correlation and regression. For instance in the municipality of Bilisht, it has been concluded that between the total variable area and number of plots, the related correlation value of the correlation coefficient is r = ＋ 0.73 and the value of regression coefficient is R = 2.71. In this municipality, correlative links between the variable and the total area planted with wheat area, are of medium category, with a value of the correlation coefficient of r = ＋ 0.52 and the regression coefficient is R = 0.89. Regarding the studies in the municipality of Maliq, it has been a correlation link between the weak variable category： in the surface of the irrigated area and the land planted with vegetables and corn, the value of the correlation coefficient is r = ＋ 0.24 and the regression coefficient R = 2.11. In the municipality of Korea, among the variable of irrigated area and the surface of the land planted with vegetables, there is a weak correlative link with a value of the correlation coefficient r = ＋ 0.17 and the regression coefficient R = 0.58.

Relationship between Seed Yield and Yield Chracteristics in Faba Bean （Vicia faba L.） by GGE-Biplot Analysis

Viciafaba L. was domesticated around 8000 BC in the Near East; the crop spread to Central Europe and Russia through Anatolia, the Danube Valley and the Caucasus; to Eastern Mediterranean regions through the Mediterranean coast and the Isles; from Egypt and Arabian Coast （the Arabia Felix） to Abyssinia; through Mesopotamia to India and China probably during the first millennium AD （only land races of major type, the latest in being produced, were known in China until recently）. Faba bean （Vicia faba L.） is grown world-wide as a protein source for food and feed. The importance of nutzients （micro and macro） for human growth is universally recognized. An investigation was camed out to select the most successful faba bean genotypes to estimate for seed yield and some of agro-morphological traits. Effective interpretation of the dataon breeding programes is important at all stages of plant improvment. The GT （genotype by trait） was used for two-way faba bean genotypes with multiple traits. For this purpose, six faba bean genotypes with specific components were tested and the GT biplot for genotype data explained 83% of total variation of the standardized data. The polygon view of GT presented for five traits of faba bean genotypes showed three vertex genotypes as Goryaka, Karcacaoglan and Seher. Genotype G0ryaka had the highest values for most of the traits. It was demonstzaited that the selection of high seed yield will be via hundred seed weight and planth height. These traits should be considered meanwhile as effective selection criteria developing high yielding faba bean genotypes because of their large contibution to grain yield. The genotypes Goryaka and Karacaoglan could be well-considered for improving of desirable candidate in selection of improvement studies.

Community Based Seed Production-A Sustainable Seed Production Model for Subsistence of Bhutanese Maize Farmers

Bhutanese maize farmers grow different open-pollinated traditional varieties and improved high yielding varieties recommended by the national maize program. All most every maize farmer uses the recycled seeds from their farms for planting in the next season. Farmers traditional or informal seed system was found to be poorly organized and unscientific that has resulted in the deterioration and contamination of seed quality. Bhutanese maize farmers living in remote areas are highly constrained by the inconsistent supply and poor access to good quality maize seed. The formal public seed sectors lack adequate resources to produce and supply good quality seeds. This called for an urgency to identify and adapt an innovative and a sustainable seed production approach to service the subsistence needs of Bhutanese farmers in a cross-pollinated crop, like maize. The community based seed production （CBSP） approach was introduced and evaluated under the Bhutanese maize production system as an alternative farmer based seed production model. A total of seven farmers CBSP groups were formed and promoted as a smallholder seed enterprise. The technical skills of these CBSP group members on maize seed production were improved through practical demonstrations and trainings. The CBSP groups were supplied with high quality source seed of new maize varieties by the national maize program. For long term, the sustainability of CBSP groups were linked to the formal seed sector in the country for marketing the seeds. The CBSP approach has proven to be a successful small scale maize seed production model under highland maize production ecosystem that has improved the production and supply of good quality maize seeds. The Bhutanese experiences with CBSP in maize, its merits for small holder Bhutanese maize farmers and lessons learnt from the CBSP model are discussed in this paper.