小兴安岭北部原始阔叶红松林红松结实气候敏感性及其种子年机制探讨

选取林分较为稳定的原始阔叶红松林作为研究地点,分析近16年的红松结实动态,研究红松(Pinus koraiensis)结实的气候敏感性及其种子年机制。首先按资源限制理论分析了红松结实的资源限制性,再根据资源匹配(气候假说)理论和Nicholls关于产量研究的建议将红松种子产量分解为趋势产量和气候产量,利用红松气候产量与前3年的气象数据进行气候影响分析,并且结合前期的物候观测,找出了红松结实的气候敏感阶段及其敏感的气象指标。结果显示:(1)红松当年种子产量与去年和前年产量和呈显著负相关,二者呈指数关系,表明了红松结实中资源限制机制的存在。并且资源限制可能是球果成熟对同年其它生殖发育的单向自我营养限制关系。(2)去年与前年6月平均气温的差值(ΔT_6)对当年红松种子产量具有很好的预测性。(3)花原基形成期是红松结实最为关键的气候敏感期,红松气候产量与此阶段气温和日照呈极显著负相关,与降水呈极显著正相关。(4)部分年份异常高温已经超出了花原基形成的最适温度范围,导致了红松产量的下降。(5)红松结实在生殖发育期内不同阶段都对气候变化表现敏感,红松种子年现象受到了资源限制机制和资源匹配机制的共同作用。本研究结果预示了温度升高,尤其是在气温升高过快的地区,红松结实对气候变暖具有一定的脆弱性并可能成为未来红松天然更新的重要瓶颈。

种子年后天山云杉林土壤种子库储量及其垂直空间分布

以天山云杉种子年后第一年的土壤种子库为对象,采用萌发法对天山中部海拔1800～2210 m天山云杉林下0～10 cm深度的土壤种子库的种子储量及其垂直空间分布进行了研究。结果表明:(1)种子年后天山云杉林土壤种子库有活力种子总储量为(922.00±662.21)粒/m2,主要组成物种有天山云杉(63.39%)、高山羊角芹(18.89%)、仰卧早熟禾(5.48%)、准噶尔繁缕(3.88%)、天蓝岩苣(2.77%)、紫苞鸢尾(2.14%)和小蓬草(1.17%);(2)种子年后土壤种子库有活力种子密度自上而下呈现下降趋势,0～2 cm种子数量最多,占0～10 cm种子库种子总数的48.92%;(3)种子年后土壤种子库中天山云杉有活力种子密度自上而下也呈现下降趋势,有活力种子主要分布在0～2 cm,占土壤种子库中天山云杉有活力种子总数的61.46%。

“二年种子”休眠与萌发的研究

对山楂、圆柏、蔷薇属、秤锤树、膀胱果、棱角山矾、大果冬青、大叶冬青、银钟花、青钱柳、长柄双花木10个种并1个属“二年种子”进行研究,对比分析破除“二年种子”的机械休眠和生理休眠的方法,总结生产中酸蚀和裂口处理种壳的操作程序,明确控制层积处理时间和条件的重要性。在上述研究基础上,重点展开对“二年种子”中濒危树种特性的研究。测试结果表明:“二年种子”的萌发性状既是其延续种性的一种遗传表现,也是在现今世界环境条件下,导致植物濒危的重要因素之一。研究结果表明,“二年种子”经酸蚀—裂口处理种壳后,层积时间可以由二冬一夏转为经一冬(4个月左右)层积后在春天正常萌发。

使用隔年种子更安全

农民选购种子的误区之一是一定要购买当年生产的新种子,但在实际生产中,使用隔年的蔬菜种子更安全,这是因为:第一,有些蔬菜种子存在休眠期,新种子极易出现出苗不齐等现象.

种子执法年的实践与探索——基层种子执法年活动成效及经验

回顾在种子执法年第一线的具体经验做法,为确保种子安全和农业生产安全起到了应有的法制保障作用,对今后各地种子市场乃至农资市场监管与执法具有一定的借鉴意义。

北京地区流苏及鸡麻种子的休眠与萌发研究

按A.W.Crocker与L.V.Borton(1959)提出的概念,凡是在苗圃条件下,犹如在自然条件下成熟后的第2个春季来临之前不出苗的种子,通称为二年种子(two years seed)[9]。鸡麻和流苏属两年种子的范畴。实验表明,第1年秋(11月底)种子经处理后砂藏,第2年春(4月初)种子在砂藏中少量发芽,播入地里后第3年春出苗。相比之下经酸蚀处理加催芽剂的种子出苗率最高,其次为酸蚀种子,对照种子出苗率最低。

Callus Induction and Plant Regeneration from Mature Seeds of Perennial Ryegrass

Objective The aim was to explore callus induction and plant regeneration of perennial ryegrass, as well as provide the foundation for transgenic research on perennial ryegrass.[ Methed] Mature seeds of perennial ryegrass were used as explants to study the effects of different hormone compositions on callus induction, proliferation and plant differentiation. Result The result showed that the induction rate achieved its highest on 2,4-D of 8 mg/L combining with 6-BA of 0.025 mg/L, which was up to 56.42%. Callus were differentiated after two to three generations, the highest differentiation rate 34.14% was achieved in the medium contained MS medium with 6-BA of 2 mg/L, and the differentiation rate was obviously affected by the callus condition after proliferation. The root inducing medium, containing 0.5 mg/L NAA and MS medium with half of macroelement, gained 98% root inducing rate. Conclusien A high frequency genetic regeneration system was established.

落叶松主伐后天然更新的试验

在落叶松主伐林地进行人工促进天然更新试验,结果表明,经过人工整地使种子与土壤充分接触,在事宜的温度、水分作用下种子发芽生根,并及时幼抚,苗木生长良好。

Effect of Polyamine Priming on Chilling Tolerance of Lolium perenne during Seed Imbibition

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effect of potyamine priming on physiological and biochemical variations of Lolium perenne embryos and seed germination. [Method] With annual Lolium perenne （Diamond T and Grazing-8000） as experimental materials, after priming with 0.5 mmol/L putrescine （Put）, spermidine （Spd） and spermine （Spm） for 24 h and chilling imbibition at 5 ℃ for 12, 24, 36 and 48 h, the effect of Put, Spd and Spm priming on chilling tolerance and germination ability of annual Lolium perenne seeds during imbibition was investigated. [Result] Put, Spd and Spm priming improved the activities of peroxidase （POD）, catalase （CAT）, superoxide dismutase （SOD） and ascorbate peroxidase （APX） and content of soluble protein content under low temperature stress, significantly in-creased the germination rate, and shortened the average germination duration. After chilling imbibition for 48 h, compared with the control, the average germination rate of annual Lolium perenne seeds was improved by 15.5% and 12.0% after Put, Spd and Spm priming, and the average germination duration was shortened by 1.21 and 1.14 d. During seed imbibition, the chilling tolerance of Grazing-8000 was stronger than that of Diamond T. Overall, Put, Spd and Spm treatment could increase the chilling tolerance of annual Lolium perenne seeds during imbibition, and improve the germination ability of seeds under low temperature stress. [Conclusion] Results of this study provided theoretical basis for the application of seed priming technology in the production of annual ryegrass.

DNA Damage （Comet Assay） as Biomarker of Cd Exposure in Marine Seed Scallops Mizuhopecten Yessoensis Age 1 Year

Cadmium-induced DNA degradation in gill cells of the scallop Mizuhopectenyessoensis was assessed using the comet assay （single-cell gel electrophoresis）. Accumulation of highly toxic cadmium in the gill cells of bivalve is accompanied by the damage of the cell genome revealed as DNA migration in the comet assay. The main mechanisms of Cd effects on the integrity of the DNA structure are discussed.

Land Deterioration of a Semi-desert Grazing Area in the North-Eastern Zone of Libya （Cyrenaica）

The study focused on one of the important contemporary environmental problems, land deterioration, carried out on a semi-desert rangeland constrained by aridity, in an area stretching between two small cities （Solouk and A1-Abyar） south of the city of Benghazi in north eastern Libya. The vegetation analysis revealed that the plant life is mainly confined to wadis （valleys）. Average vegetation cover was ranging between 39.53% and 69.20%. Biomass was ranging between 28.33 gm/m2 and 129.42 gm/m2, （average soil depth was between 30 cm and 50 cm）, meanwhile 25% of the area is covered by hummocks. The total number of sampled soil seed bank was 25,870 seed/m2, in which the important forage family Fabaceae constituted 450 seed/m2. Life forms spectrum was： 55.2% Therophytes, 26.3% Chamaeopytes, 11.4% Cryptophytes and 7.1% Phanerophytes. Alpha diversity 1.3%-3.4%, and Beta diversity 11.9%-77.6%. The soil showed low organic matter content an lean to alkalinity. The study showed that the area is characterized by harsh climate elements which led to land degradation in the form of low productivity, retrogressive succession, soil erosion, and sandy encroachment from the south desert area. In the last decades the land degradation was accelerated by the accumulative anthropogenic.

Herbicidal Activities of Seven Native Plants on the Germination and Growth of Phalaris minor, Echinochloa crusgalli, Portulaca oleracea and Lactuca sativa

Plant extracts could turn out to be herbicides used in weed control. We evaluated the herbicidal effect of seven plants from the Al-Qassim Region of Saudi Arabia on germination and growth of Phalaris minor, Echinochloa crusgalli, Portulaca oleracea and Lactuca sativa. In the laboratory, plant extracts at 5, 10, 20 and 40 g/L inhibited the germination and seedling growth of test seeds. P. minor and P. oleracea were more sensitive to the extracts than L. sativa and E. crusgalli. The germination of either P. minor or P. oleracea were completely inhibited by Prosopisjuliflora at 10 g/L and by Rumex vesicarius and Teucrium baccatus at 20 g/L. Extract of Pulicaria undulate completely inhibited germination of target seeds at concentrations ranged from l 0 g/L to 40 g/L. The rank order of bioactivity was Prosopis jul（17ora 〉 Pulicaria undulata 〉 Rumex vesicarius 〉 Withania somnifera 〉 Teucrium baccatus 〉 Artemisia monosperma 〉 Anvillea garcinii. In the greenhouse trial, the extracts of seven plant species at 30, 60 and 90 g/L reduced growth of six-weeks-old target plants. Anvillea garcinii and Prosopisjuliflora showed the greatest effects. At 90 g/L, the reduction in the growth of target species reached between 20% and 30% for Anvillea garcinii and between I 1% and 25% for Prosopis juliflora. Overall, Prosopis juliflora, Pulicaria undulata, Anvillea garcinii and Rumex vesicarius had potential for use as natural herbicides or for development as novel plant-derived herbicides.

柴胡的种植

柴胡为多年生草本植物,株高80～100厘米,复伞形花序,花黄色,根有不规则分枝,粗细不等,主根常不明显,皮有黑色、白色,植株生长早期,以地上部茎叶生长为主,后期生长根,隔年种子不宜留种,根茎入药。有疏肝解热、止痛之功效，主治感冒、发热、寒热往来。还可提高畜禽免疫功能，使自然杀伤细胞功能增强，提高病毒特异性抗体滴度。现将柴胡的种植介绍如下。1选地整地和施肥选土层深厚肥沃、疏松透气、带砂的土壤，盐碱及排水不良的粘土不宜生长。结合整地施人农家肥3000千克，过磷酸钙20～30千克作基肥。

Research Progress of Cold Resistance Mechanism of Cassava

Cassava is vulnerable to frost and snow, so it is suitable for planting in tropical and subtropical region. Low temperature is an important environment factor affecting the growth and development and production of cassava, and the region with annual average temperature below 15 ℃ is not conducive to its normal growth and development. The improvement of cold resistance of cassava can increase the planting area and improve the yield and quality of cassava. In this study, morphological,physiological and biochemical and molecular researches on cold resistance of cassava, as well as the latest research progress,were reviewed in this paper. At the same time, some potential difficulties in the research on cold resistance of cassava were put forward, and the future work focus was also discussed.

那些年,绿色的种子长成了青春的树

谁愿意承认自己青春已逝？谁又曾常常翻看泛旧的相册？谁又能阻止时间的前进？所以，当你头上开始萌出白发，眼角出现细纹，你已悄然站在了青春的彼岸，回首，

怎样正确辨别蔬菜新陈种子

一般说来，新种子发芽率高、发芽势强。播种后易全苗齐苗、生长健壮；而陈种子发芽率低，有些根本就不发芽。即使发芽也是生活力弱、易死苗。苗子生长瘦弱。但也不尽然，如秋播雪里红、芹菜、菠菜。若采用当年新种子．由于休眠的原因反而出苗不齐。故以隔年种子为宜。因此，应学会正确辨别新陈种子。

Intraspecific differentiation in seed flooding tolerance of Echinochloa crusgalli var.zelayensis population in shores of a giant reservoir along altitudinal gradients

Aims In a large dam-regulated reservoir with regular hydrological pattern and strong flooding gradients across shore elevations,plants inhabiting in different shore elevations have to confront long-lasting flooding of differential in tensities every year.Such persistent stress may lead to intraspecific differentiation of flooding tolerance in seeds.Echinochloa crusgalli var.zelayensis is a dominant annual plant in the shores of the Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR),which plays an important role in the shore vegetation.The objective of this study is to check whether intraspecific differentiation of seed flooding tolerance has occurred among E.crusgalli var.zelayensis populations in the TGR shores and whether such differentiation is associated with weak seed dispersal.Methods We collected seeds of E.crusgalli var.zelayensis from different populations in the TGR shores,and then placed them at four elevations in the shores flooded by reservoir impoundment.Parameters reflecting seed flooding tolerance including post-flooding percentage of intact seeds,seed germinability and seedling emergence rate were investigated for the seeds from different populations and undergoing flooding of different intensities.Floating time of seeds and speed of water level rise during impoundment were examined,and used to quantify dispersal potential of seeds in the shores of the TGR when flooded.Important Findings Both intact seed percentage and final seedling emergence rate after flooding significantly declined with increasing shore elevations where the seeds were collected,indicating that intraspecific differentiation in seed flooding tolerance has occurred among E.crusgalli var.zelayensis populations in the TGR shores after 7-year operation of the reservoir.The distanee of seeds transported by rising water during reservoir impoundment was limited due to short-floating time of the seeds and relatively low speed of water level rise in the reservoir.This would be favourable to the development of intraspecific differentiation in seed flooding tolerance.