种子萌发生测法快速检测抗草铵膦的转基因油菜

用种子萌发生测法检测抗草铵膦的转基因油菜品种。通过设定一系列药剂的浓度梯度 ,发现在 6 0mg/L的草铵膦选择压力下 ,非转基因的油菜品种基本不能萌发 ,而抗草铵膦的转基因油菜品种可正常萌发。由此认为 6 0mg/L的草铵膦浓度是检测转基因油菜的最佳浓度。该方法具有简单、易操作、检测周期短等优点 。

溶磷真菌的分离鉴定及其对新疆加工番茄种子萌发的影响

溶磷真菌是能够将难溶磷转变为可溶性磷的一类微生物。为了提高磷素利用率,本研究采用平板培养法从加工番茄根际土壤中分离筛选到2株溶磷能力较强的菌株,分别命名为3-1和3-2,结合菌落形态特征和ITS r DNA序列分析,将菌株分别鉴定为黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)和黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus)。用以Ca3(PO4)2为唯一磷源的培养基对其溶磷能力进行测定,发现菌株3-1和3-2对Ca3(PO4)2的溶磷量分别是368.7 mg/L、142.2 mg/L。通过不同浓度的单菌菌液和混和菌液处理新疆加工番茄里格尔(87-5)种子,发现不同菌株、不同的菌液浓度对加工番茄种子萌发影响显著,发芽指数随菌液浓度的降低而增加;菌株3-2菌液OD600光密度值为0.1时,发芽率最高,达(94.5±1.0)%;单菌株处理组的发芽势随着菌液浓度的降低而增加。本研究结果为获得有益于新疆加工番茄生产应用的溶磷菌株提供了重要参考。

种子胎萌特性的研究

本文综述了种子胎萌发生规律（时期和条件）、胎萌生理基础、胎萌种子生长发育途径和胎萌对种子质量的影响，而且对胎萌突变作及其应用也进行了讨论。

甘蓝型杂交油菜种子胎萌发生特性的初步研究

本试验以甘蓝型杂交种秦油2号及其三系种子为材料，于1992～1993两年在浙江农业大学农场进行。试验结果表明，甘蓝型杂交油菜杂种秦油2号、不育系陕2A和保持系陕2B种子胎萌发生在开花后19天左右，并随着种子发育日趋成熟而有不断增多的趋势，而常规品种垦C1种子胎萌发生在成熟后期（开花后31天）。角果内位于果身中部的胎萌粒多于果身两端部。不同类型和品种、不同年份、具有胎萌特性同一植株的不同花序部位和同一品种不同个体（或株系）间胎萌率的变化较大。甘蓝型杂交油菜果壳对角果内发育种子具有保护作用。发育早期的果壳对种子的保护作用较强，而发育后期的果壳相对较弱，易胎萌品种的果壳对种子的保护作用较不易胎萌品种弱。

刺槐同源四倍体种子促萌措施研究

为了最大限度地保存刺槐同源四倍体有性繁殖过程中产生的变异材料资源,对其高度变异和难以萌发的种子进行了促萌试验。结果表明：①种子经温汤浸种可以明显地提高萌发率,90℃温水浸泡24 h,种子平均萌发率为5%、最高5.5%;②用PEG-6000处理刺槐同源四倍体种子时,平均萌发率1.11%、最高3.33%,表现为抑制作用;③5-氮杂胞苷浸种时,药液浓度对萌发率有显著的影响,用250μmol/L的5-氮杂胞苷水溶液处理种子24-48 h为较好处理方案,平均萌发率为5.6%;④种子培养促萌时,用10%H2O2浸泡24 h后转入赤霉素水溶液（3 mg/L）浸泡6h,之后再转入萘乙酸水溶液（15 mg/L）浸泡6 h,接种到MS或1/2MS培养基上促萌效果较好,平均萌发率为5.5%、最高6.0%;⑤将表型正常的种子胚接种到没有附加物的MS培养基上,有部分种子胚萌动后子叶变绿且张开。

甘蓝型杂交油菜种子胎萌发生及其对种子质量的影响

研究了甘蓝型杂交油菜杂种秦油 2号、不育系陕 2 A和保持系陕 2 B种子胎萌发生情况及其对种子质量的影响 .结果表明 :这些种子的胎萌发生在开花后 19d左右 ,并随着种子发育日趋成熟而有不断增多的趋势 ,而常规品种垦 C1种子胎萌发生在成熟后期 (开花后 31d) .甘蓝型杂交油菜种子因胎萌引起生活力和活力降低 ,种子胎萌也引起种子含油量下降和可溶性糖含量升高 ,但是对种子蛋白质含量无明显影响 。

黄瓜种子胎萌生理特性及相关基因表达分析

【目的】探明黄瓜种子胎萌发生的生理生化特性及相关基因的表达模式,为揭示双子叶蔬菜类作物的胎萌发生机制提供理论依据。【方法】以黄瓜高代自交系Cs10A(易胎萌)和M-1(不胎萌)为试验材料,分别在授粉后30、35、40、45和50 d进行取样,统计黄瓜种子胎萌率,测定并分析种子中可溶性糖、脂肪酸、主要植物激素[脱落酸(ABA)和赤霉素(GA3)]含量及胎萌相关基因的表达模式。【结果】Cs10A种子在授粉后40 d发生胎萌,胎萌率为4.2%;在授粉后45和50 d Cs10A种子胎萌率极显著高于M-1(P<0.01,下同),分别为28.4%和71.1%。M-1授粉后30~50 d均未出现胎萌现象。授粉后30~50 d,Cs10A种子内可溶性糖含量呈先增加后降低的变化趋势,尤其在授粉后35~45 d显著(P<0.05,下同)或极显著高于M-1种子,而M-1种子可溶性糖含量呈增加─降低─增加的变化趋势。授粉后30~50 d,Cs10A种子脂肪酸含量呈先降低后增加的变化趋势,而M-1种子脂肪酸含量变化不明显,仅后期稍有增加,且在授粉后40 d时二者的脂肪酸含量非常接近,其他时间均存在极显著差异。授粉后50 d,Cs10A种子和囊衣中的ABA含量均极显著低于M-1;Cs10A种子和囊衣中的GA3含量均低于M-1,其中Cs10A囊衣中的GA3含量极显著低于M-1,但其种子中的GA3含量与M-1无显著差异(P>0.05);Cs10A种子中的GA3含量高于囊衣。Cs10A种子中ABA/GA3比值低于M-1种子。授粉后30~50 d,Cs10A种子中CsVp1、CsVp5和CsVp10基因的表达量均极显著低于M-1,其中,对于CsVp1和CsVp5基因表达模式而言,Cs10A与M-1恰好相反,但CsVp10基因在二者中的表达模式相同。【结论】种子发育成熟至发生胎萌前,种子中可溶性糖含量较高、ABA含量和ABA/GA3比值较低易导致种子发生胎萌,且种子中脂肪酸可转化成可溶性糖为种子胎萌的发生提供能源物质;囊衣中高含量ABA可有效抑制黄瓜种子胎萌的发生。此外,易胎萌黄瓜品种通过抑制与ABA合成及其敏感性相关的胎萌基因表达,从而降低ABA含量及对ABA的敏感性,最终导致胎萌发生。

大白菜种子胎萌性状发生动态及其遗传初探

以高胎萌材料‘8407’、中度胎萌材料‘夏胜’和弱胎萌材料‘B热’,以及不发生种子胎萌的材料‘92S24’和‘72M’为试材,采用蕾期授粉、花期标记、定期采样方法,统计种子胎萌的发生状况,研究了大白菜种子胎萌现象的发生状况及其遗传规律。结果表明：‘8407’种子胎萌出现于花后14d,而‘夏胜’出现于花后23d,且前者的种子胎萌率极显著高于后者,二者的种子胎萌主要发生于花后26~32d的发育阶段。‘8407’的主枝种子胎萌率高于一次分枝和二次分枝,且主枝角果基部的种子胎萌率显著高于角果中部和顶部;‘夏胜’种子胎萌部位性不明显。根据杂交当代种子胎萌表现的差异,表明无胎萌对胎萌为显性,且胎萌特性同时受到细胞质和细胞核基因的共同调控。

矮生菜豆种子胎萌发生特性的初步研究

研究了若干矮生菜豆品种在不同年份和采种设施下种子的胎萌发生特性。试验结果表明 :(1)品种间在种子胎萌发生率方面存在显著差异 ,有的品种不发生胎萌 ,有的品种其胎萌种子发生频率在 2 0 %以上 ;(2 )对于能够发生种子胎萌的品种而言 ,采种年份和设施对胎萌种子发生率有明显的影响 ;(3)种子胎萌一般在开花后 35 d左右开始发生 ;(4 )胎萌种子的发生部位具有明显的规律 ,即胎萌种子主要发生在植株的下部和豆荚的近喙端。

抗草铵膦转基因水稻品种的快速检测方法的比较

用种子萌发生测法和分子检测法分别检测抗草铵膦转基因水稻品种 ,比较这两种方法的优劣。种子萌发生测法以芽长作为指标优于根长 ,草铵膦处理浓度可在 10mg/L～ 10 0mg/L之间。分子检测用引物对 5′ ACCATCGTCAACCACTACATCG 3′和 5′ GCTGCCAGAAACCCACGTCAT 3′或 5′ ACCATCGTCAAC CACTACATCG 3′和 5′ GAGGTCGTCCGTCCACTCCTG 3′均可扩增导入的bar基因的特异DNA片段。种子萌发生测法具有简单、易操作特点 ,而分子检测法则具有快速、专一性强、灵敏度高等特点。

Effects of Nitric Oxide on the Germination of Wheat Seeds and Its Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolisms Under Osmotic Stress

Effects of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a nitric oxide (NO) donor, on the germination and metabolism of reactive oxygen species were surveyed in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seeds. Germination of wheat seeds and even the elongation of radicle and plumule were dramatically promoted by SNP treatments during the germination under osmotic stress. Meanwhile, activities of amylase and EP were enhanced, thus leading to the degradation of storage reserve in seeds. After osmotic stress was removed, higher viability of wheat seeds was also maintained. In addition, the activities of CAT, APX and the content of proline were increased by SNP treatment simultaneously, but activities of LOX were inhibited, and both of which were beneficial for improving the antioxidant capacity during the germination of wheat seeds under osmotic stress. It was also shown that the increase of the activity of amylase induced by SNP in embryoless half-seeds of wheat in the beginning period of germination (6 h) might be indirectly related to GA(3).

Effects of Excessive Mg2+ on the Germination Characteristics of Crop Seeds

[ Objective ] The research aimed to reveal theeffects of excessive Mg^2＋ on the germination characteristics of maize and soybean. [ Method ] Eleven concentration gradients of Mg^2＋ including 0, 40, 80, 120, 160,200,240,280,320,360 and 400 mmol/L were set up to study the effects of different treatments on such indices as the germination potential, germination rate, fresh weight, dry weight, root length, plant height and stem diameter of maize and soybean. [ Result] With the increasing of Mg^2＋ concentration, the germination of maize delayed and the germination rate of soybean obviously decreased, reaching the significant difference at 0.05 level. When Mg^2＋ concentration increased, the fresh weight and dry weight of maize and soybean decreased, but maize and soybean showed some adaptability. The growth of radicles and seedlings in maize and soybean were obviously inhibited by Mg^2＋ , and atrophy and dysplasia phenomena appeared. [ Conclusion] Excessive Mg^2＋ stress has different effects on the germination potential and germination rate of different crops and has obvious poisoning effects on the root and stem growth of crops.

Biological Effects of Stevia rebaudianum Induced by Carbon Ion Implantation

The biological effects during seed germination were investigated after the dry seeds of Stevia rebaudianum Bertoni were implanted with carbon ion beam of 75 keV and 10 14 ions/cm 2. The results showed that the germination rate of carbon ion implanted seeds was slightly higher than that of the control, but the survival rate of the treated seedlings, on the contrary, was lower than that of the control (P<0.02), while the height of the treated seedlings was significantly higher than that of the control (P<0.01). On the 4th day after germination, the leaf cell wall in the treated group was thick, some high electron_dense substance deposited in the enlarged plasmodesma; Cell membrane creased with high electron_dense granules deposited on it. The plasma membrane protruded towards cell wall, and the granules shifted via plasmodesma or deposited onto cell wall. These phenomena may be related to the conveyance of implanted ions across cell wall, or be related to the accumulation of callose. In addition, the implantation of carbon ions could increase the lamellae of the chloroplast and cause high development of the chloroplast which sometimes contained two plastid centers in an individual chloroplast. Also, the highly developed cristae, abundant mitochondria and typical crystalloid structure in microbody could be found. All these results indicated that the anabolic and catabolic activities in the seedlings implanted with carbon ions before germination were obviously more active than those in the controls.

Effect of Water Supply on Seed Germination of Soil Seed-bank in Desert Vegetation

在温室条件下 ,进行了水涝和保湿 2种水分供应试验。结果表明 ,在土壤种子库中 ,有 3种植物的种子在水涝条件下的萌发数量明显较大 ;9种植物在保湿条件下的萌发数量明显较大 ;18种植物在 2种水分供应条件下的萌发数量没有明显差异。当植物的土壤种子密度较低时在不太合适的萌发条件下表现为不存在。研究结果强调在进行土壤种子库分析之前预备萌发试验的必要性。同时也揭示出利用一种标准的水分供应处理方法去分析来自不同生境土样里种子库的危险性。

The Role of Polyamine Oxidative Degradation in the Process of Lettuce Seed Germination

[Objective]The aim of this study was to understand the role of polyamine oxidative degradation in the process of lettuce seed germination. [Method]After lettuce seed soaking treatments with aminoguanidine （AG,a specific inhibitor of polyamine oxidases）,seed germination rate,activities of polyamine oxidase （PAO） and diamine oxidase （DAO）,change of endogenous polyamine and H2O2 content were determined. [Result]Compared with the control,AG treatment strongly inhibited the seed germination,which also had an extremely significant difference in seed germination rate after incubation for 12 h. During the seed germination,activities of PAO and DAO significantly changed,while their activities firstly increased and then decreased,then DAO and PAO reached peaks at 24 h and 48 h respectively. AG treatment was strongly inhibitory for activities of DAO and PAO,whose activities even disappeared after incubation with AG for 24 h and 36 h. During the seed germination,endogenous Put reduced sharply in the first 24 h,then reduced slowly in 24-60 h,while Spd decreased slowly in the early stage of germination,and then sharply declined after 48 h. However,Spm content was low but slightly increased,and the total polyamine gradually decreased. AG treatment could significantly increase endogenous polyamines,especially Put and Spd contents. During the seed germination,H2O2 content gradually increased,and had a peak from 36 to 48 h,then kept a high level at last. AG treatment could significantly reduce H2O2 content. [Conclusion]During the seed germination,the changes of endogenous polyamine and H2O2 content correspond with the changes of PAO and DAO activities,which indicate that there is an active polyamine metabolism of oxidative degradation during the lettuce seed germination.

Characteristics of Soil Seed Bank and Natural Regenerations in Pinus densata Natural Forest of Southeast Tibet

Pinusdensata is one of the main constructive species for coniferous forests in southeast Tibet. P. densata forests are important water conservation forests in the drainage basins of the middle and lower reaches of Yalu Tsangpo River, Nyang River and Parlung Zangbo River. In this study, with P. densata forest distributed in southeast Tibet as research object, the seed rain, soil seed bank, seed germination and natural regeneration of P. densata were monitored and ana- lyzed by field investigation, located monitoring and indoor experimental analysis. The results showed that the average intensity of the seed rain of P. densata was 249.30±78.42 seeds/m2, in which the intensity of full seeds was 168.09±56.36 seeds/m2, the intensity of seeds damaged by worms was 41.11±20.25 seeds/m2, and the intensity of empty seeds was 40.10±21.04 seeds/m2. The intensity of the seed rain exhibited a single-peak trend of increasing at first and decreasing then over time. The spatial distribution patterns in the whole seed falling process and at different seed falling time all exhibited clumping distribution, and within in certain range, with the distance from the seed tree increasing, the diffusion intensity of the seed rain was weakened, exhibiting approximately normal distribution. In average density of P. densata seeds in the soil seed bank of P. densata was 231 seeds/m2, in which 62.77% of seeds were distributed in the litter layer, and 37.23% of seeds were distributed in the soil layer, and about 8% of seeds were lost during the pro- cess from seed rain to soil seed bank. Field sowing observation showed that the accumulated germination rate curve of P. densata fitted with Logistics equation y= 91.404/（1＋e66194.449）. The height structure, basal diameter structure and age structure of seedlings and young trees of P. densata were all of reverse ＂J＂ type, indicating good natural regeneration of P. densata. This study would provide a science basis for protection and resource management of P. densata, and further enrich the eval- uation content of national ecological safety curtain of the Tibet plateau.

Analysis of Amylase and Superoxide Dismutase Isozymes During the Germination Process of Emmenopterys henryi Oliv Seeds

[ Objective] The study was to understand the changes of amylase（AMY） and superoxide dismutase（SOD） isozymes during the ger- mination process of Emmenopterys henryi Oliv seeds. [ Metbod] By employing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis method, the expressions of AMY and SOD isozymes during seed germination process were analyzed. ~ Result] The main AMY bands remained strong during the whole peri- od and a new band A2 appeared in the middle and late period of seed germination. Some new SOD bands occurred at the early stage, then be- came weak or disappeared in the middle period, and band S6 became intense in the late peried. [ Conclusion.] The expression of AMY and SOD isozyme gene has temporal difference during germination of E. henryi Oliv seeds.

Seed Germination of Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) Luba 2 Treated with Hydrogen Peroxide

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effect of hydrogen peroxide on the seed germination of eggplant （Solanum melongena L.） Luba 2.[Method] The seeds of Luba 2 were separately soaked in 20％,40％,60％ and 80％ hydrogen peroxide solution for 2,5 and 10 min before seed germination.The germination rate and days to reach the maximum germination rate were calculated.[Result] Treatment with low concentrations （20％） of hydrogen peroxide for 2 and 5 min made eggplant Luba 2 germinate in advance,and shortened the time to reach the maximum germination rate.Treatment with high concentrations （60％ and 80％） of hydrogen peroxide solution for longer time （10 min） caused significant damage to the seeds,delayed seed germination,and reduced the germination rate.[Conclusion] This study will provide theoretical references for the production practices of eggplant.

Seed Germination and Storage of Woody Species in the Lower Subtropical Forest

The dimension, water content and germination of the seeds from 90 woody species in the lower subtropical forest were analyzed in this study. Out of 90 species, germination analysis was performed in 45 species (in which there were enough germinating individuals), and the effect of storage of seed and fruit on germination of seed was studied in 41 species (in which there were enough seeds and germinating individuals). Most of the species began to germinate within 60 d. Hypogeal species had longer dormancy than epigeal species. Dormancy of fleshy seeds and seeds in pulpy fruit was also longer than that of dry seeds. There were no significant differences in length of dormancy (LD, days from sowing to germination) between fleshy seeds ripening in summer and those ripening in winter and spring, and between big seeds and small seeds. Seeds in pulpy fruit or fleshy seeds had more germination than the dry seeds ( P <0.05), however, percentage germination was not significantly correlated with water content of fresh seeds. Water loss in the seeds could obviously affect percentage germination, especially during the early three days when the seeds were laid open in air in the laboratory. When water content of the seeds decreased to about 20% (fresh weight basis), percentage germination became very low, this happened when the seeds were laid open in air for 10-14 d. Percentage germination decreased with the length of storing in refrigerator ((4±1) ℃), but it was not markedly affected for one month's storage, with a decrease by 8.3% in comparison with the fresh seeds, and it was greatly affected by storing for more than three months, with values decreasing by 37%, 63%, and 81% for three months', six months' and 12 months' storage respectively. Difference in percentage germination as well as in LD was not significant for most lots after different storing periods between big seeds and small seeds, between fruit storage and seed storage, and between seeds in pulpy fruits or fleshy seeds and dry seeds.

Seed germination and seedling development of Prunus armeniaca under different burial depths in soil

A semi-greenhouse study was conducted to understand the effects of soil burial depth on seed germination and seedling development. The seeds of wild apricot （Prunus armeniaca） were buried at the soil depths of 0-cm, 4-cm, 8-cm, and 12-cm, respectively, to simulate the seed hoarding behavior of rodents in the field. The results revealed that the rates of seed germination and established seedlings from buried seeds were both the highest in 4-cm burial depth group, and then decreased with increasing soil depth. The number of rotten seeds increased in deeper burial depth. It is unfavourable for seed germination at 0-cm burial depth （i.e., seeds were laid on soil surface）. There was insignificant effect of burial depth on growth of established seedlings. The results from this study indicated that proper burial depth in soil would be helpful for the seed germination and seedling growth. The seedlings derived from buried seeds at shallower depth （4 cm） in this research have advantage in their early development.