应用RAPD分析家禽不同种属间杂交可行性的研究

试验用RAPD分子遗传标记法 ,对鹌鹑、蛋鸡、乌骨鸡、山鸡、肉鸡 ,5种家禽间的基因组DNA进行分析 ,共扩增出 96个RAPD谱带位点 ,其中 84 .38%具有多态性。分析表明 ,蛋鸡、乌骨鸡、肉鸡的遗传距离较近 ,分别为 0 .16 0 5 ,0 1910 ,0 .2 0 93,划为同一类 ,而鹌鹑与蛋鸡、乌骨鸡、肉鸡的遗传距离较远 ,分别为 0 .5 35 4 ,0 .5 0 0 0 ,0 .5 192。从分子水平上看 ,两个表型差异较大而DNA差异较小的品种 ,由于DNA的相似性就会使这两个品种间较易杂交成功 ,鸡与鹌鹑属间杂交已获成功 ,也就表明 ,在这 5个家禽种属间是可以进行杂交的。

野生动物种属间配血的调查

野生动物种属间配血的调查吴秀山张金国彭真信张成林王保强（北京动物园兽医院，１０００４４）输血疗法对家畜及野生动物疾病治疗同样具有意义。而这一关键则在是否存在稳定、可靠的血源。北京动物园曾对灵长类和食草动物危症病例进行过试验性输血治疗，并取得了良好的结...

关于不同种属间妊娠成败决定因素的探讨

哺乳类胚胎的一半遗传基因来自其父系,具有异体移植物特性,母体能识别某些胚胎合成的抗原分子,而胚胎几乎不受免疫排斥。显然,胎盘构成了有效的屏障,保护了胚胎,甚至包括异位妊娠。但胎盘如何发挥作用仍不清楚。本文作者探讨了胚胎发育中胎母细胞间互相作用对异种间妊娠成败的决定性影响。为了研究母胎间的互相作用,胚胎移植实验发现,异种的胚胎常被母体排斥。在某些动物中排斥较快,而在另一些动物则排斥较慢。但最终仍被排斥。(如山羊和绵羊之间的胚胎移植存活时间较长,而田鼠各种系间的胚胎移植很快被排斥)。

大、小鼠颈髓一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元的分布比较

用NADPH -d组织化学方法观察了大鼠和小鼠颈髓内NOS阳性神经元的分布 ,结果显示在大、小鼠颈髓的中央管周围灰质内均有较多的NOS阳性神经元分布 .大鼠的NOS阳性神经元多集中于中央管背侧 ,小鼠的分布相对均匀 ,但以腹侧为多 .大、小鼠在后角浅层及胶状质内部均含有密集的NOS阳性神经元 ,在中间带内侧也均含有较大的中等密集的NOS阳性神经元 .大鼠中间带外侧有较多的NOS阳性神经元 ,而小鼠该处的NOS阳性神经元则少见 .

甘蔗属及其野生近缘植物杂交研究初报

采集甘蔗属种及其近缘植物花粉经低温贮藏后，与人工控制开花的甘蔗进行甘蔗近缘属间、种间的远缘杂交，获得杂交组合８２个，培育实生苗１４７９株，入选和保育了８６个Ｆ１代无性系，成功地获得了种、属间杂交后代，创造一批新的遗传种质，为选育种提供新的血缘。

不同灵长类颅骨变量主成分分析

对太行山地区27例(18♀,♂9)成年猕猴颅骨有关变量进行测量,通过与湘鄂猕猴、闽粤猕猴、云南指名亚种和印度猕猴指名亚种进行种群间比较,与金丝猴、叶猴、白臀叶猴和长鼻猴进行种属间比较,并对有关颅骨变量进行主成分分析.结果表明:太行山猕猴的颅骨变量有较明显的自身特征,不同灵长类之间有比较明显的颅骨形态差异和生物学特征.

猕猴和叶猴掌面花纹强度的比较分析

为了研究猕猴和叶猴掌面平均花纹强度(API)的种属间差异,运用SPSS 11.0 for Win-dows统计软件,对太行山猕猴(55只)、藏猴(19只)、山魈(52只)、日本猕猴(74只)、食蟹猕猴(112只)、黑叶猴(13只)、菲氏叶猴(7只)的左侧掌面上6个主要花纹区(Hp,Th,指间Ⅰ-Ⅳ区)的平均花纹强度值进行统计分析.结果表明,同科不同种属间具有共性,也具有一定的差异性;灵长类掌面的花纹强度不仅是由遗传因素所决定的,同时还与他们的生活方式和生活环境有关.

古菌、细菌和真核生物纤维素酶的整体进化关系(英文)

【目的】纤维素酶在生物燃料、食品、造纸、制药和纺织工业应用广泛。许多生物都能产生纤维素酶,因此纤维素酶的进化关系非常复杂;加上人类用工程手段不断改造纤维素酶,使得纤维素酶的进化关系更加复杂化。因此,本研究对纤维素酶的整体进化关系进行大规模的系统发育和统计分析。【方法】选取来自116种古菌、1 744种细菌和556种真核生物的2 416种纤维素酶进行系统进化分析。通过计算平均成对p距离反映每个分类组中的序列差异;然后将差异分为组内差异和组间差异,从数值上反映基因的垂直转移和水平转移;最后,通过进化树展示基因转移的趋势。【结果】来自不同门、纲、目、科和属的纤维素酶,其氨基酸序列的平均成对p距离差异很大。在各个系统分类中,纤维素酶的组间差异和组内差异亦存在很大不同。大规模的系统发育分析显示,大多数纤维素酶的进化经历了不同的路径和分岔,并形成相互交织在一起的群簇。【结论】本研究从统计分析和系统发育的角度提供纤维素酶的整体进化关系,不仅包括纤维素酶基因的垂直遗传和水平转移,还包括多时间和多种属进化,展示了纤维素酶进化的全貌。统计分析不仅丰富系统发育的分析结果,还为利用生物技术设计所需要的纤维素酶提供补充信息。

A New Species and a Newly Recorded Species of the Genus Paratendipes Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) from China

A new species of Paratendipes Kieffer, P. angustus sp. nov., is described and the male is illustrated. P. subaequalis （Malloch, 1915） is recorded in China for the first time.

Effect of process parameters on microstructure and properties of laser welded joints of aluminum/steel with Ni/Cu interlayer

The effects of laser parameters and interlayer material on the microstructure and properties of the welded joint between 6061 aluminum alloy and stainless steel were studied.The results show that the density and microstructure of the welded joint can be optimized by changing the laser power with 0.05 mm Cu foil and 0.1 mm Ni foil as interlayer.A large number of new Cu-Al binary phases were found near the aluminum alloy,which effectively inhibited the formation of the binary brittle phase of Fe-Al.The maximum shear force of 1350.96 N was obtained with laser power of 2200 W.The shear force of the welded joint increased to 1754.73 N when the thickness of the Cu foil thickness changed to 0.02 mm.

Varietal differences in photosynthetic characters and chlorophyll fluorescence induction kinetics parameters among intergeneric progeny derived from Oryza×Sorghum, its parents, and hybrid rice

A comparative study on the photosynthetic parameters among intergeneric progenies derived from \%Oryza sativa\% L.×\%Sorghum vulgare\% L., its maternal parent Gui 630 and commercial 3\|line hybrid rice Shanyou 63 in pot experiment in greenhouse was conducted. The morphological and photosynthetic characters of canopy leaves and chlorophyll fluorescence kinetic parameters including \%F\%\-v/\%F\%\-m, \%F\%\-v/\%F\%\-0, photochemical quenching coefficient and non\|photochemical coefficient of canopy leaves of 3 varieties were measured. The results showed the progeny, Yuanyou 1, derived from an intergeneric cross of rice and sorghum possesses better canopy spatial architecture with thicker, heavier and bigger canopy leaf than its maternal parent Gui 630. Higher photosynthetic rate due to higher chlorophyll content, higher primary energy transformation efficiency, potential of PSII and non\|photochemical quenching coefficient (\%q\%\-E) were also measured in Yuanyou 1. These explain partly why the intergeneric progeny has higher biomass production, and better tolerance to adverse conditions and higher field yields even under stress conditions.

Implications of tree species–environment relationships for the responsiveness of Himalayan krummholz treelines to climate change

Climate warming is expected to advance treelines to higher elevations. However, empirical studies in diverse mountain ranges give evidence of both advancing alpine treelines as well as rather insignificant responses. In this context, we aim at investigating the sensitivity and responsiveness of the near-natural treeline ecotone in Rolwaling Himal, Nepal, to climate warming. We analysed population densities of tree species along the treeline ecotone from closed forest stands via the krummholz belt to alpine dwarf shrub heaths （3700-4200 m） at 50 plots in 2013 and 2014. We quantified species - environment relationships, i.e. the change of environmental conditions （e.g., nutrient and thermal deficits, plant interactions） across the ecotone by means of redundancy analyses, variation partitioning and distance-based Moran＇s eigenvector maps. In particular, we focus on explaining the high competitiveness of Rhododendron campanulatum forming a dense krummholz belt and on the implications for the responsiveness of Himalayan krummholz treelines to climate change. Results indicate that treeline trees in the ecotone show species-specific responses to the influence of environmental parameters, and that juvenile and adult tree responses are modulated by environmental constraints in differing intensity. Moreover, the species - environment relationships suggest that the investigated krummholz belt will largely prevent the upward migration of other tree constrain the future response species and thus of Himalayan krummholz treelines to climate warming.

Early Embryo and Larval Development of Inviable Intergeneric Hybrids Derived from Crassostrea angulata and Saccostrea cucullata

To detect the intergeneric hybridization between the oyster Crassostrea angulata and Saccostrea cucullata coexisting along the southern coast of China, reciprocal crosses were conducted between the two species. Barriers for sperm recognizing, binding, penetrating the egg, and forming the pronucleus were detected by fluorescence staining. From the results, although fertilization success was observed in hybrid crosses, the overall fertilization rate was lower than that of intraspecific crosses. A large number of hybrid larvae died at 6–8 d after hatching, and those survived could not complete metamorphosis. C. angulata ♀× S. cucullata ♂ larvae had a growth rate similar to that of the maternal species, whereas S. cucullata ♀× C. angulata ♂ larvae grew the slowest among all crosses. Molecular genetics analysis revealed that hybrid progeny were amphimixis hybrids. This study demonstrated that hybrid embryos generated by crossing C. angulata and S. cucullata could develop normally to the larval state, but could not complete metamorphosis and then develop to the spat stage. Thus, there is a post-reproductive isolation between C. angulata and S. cucullata.

Preparation of bimetallic nano-composite by dissimilar friction stir welding of copper to aluminum alloy

Butt friction stir welding between pure copper and AA5754 alloy was carried out.Reinforcing SiC nanoparticles were utilized in friction stir welded(FSW)joints to decline the harmful effects of intermetallic compounds.Tensile tests,micro-hardness experiments,scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis were applied to studying the properties of welded joints.The joints with a travel speed of 50 mm/min and a rotation speed of 1000 r/min showed the best results.The presence of nano-sized SiC particles reduced the grain size of aluminum and copper in the stir zone(SZ)from 38.3 and 12.4μm to 12.9 and 5.1μm,respectively.The tensile strength of the joint in the presence of reinforcing SiC nano-particles was~240 MPa,which is~90%of that for the aluminum base.Furthermore,the highest microhardness of the weld zone was significantly increased from HV 160 to HV 320 upon the addition of SiC nano-particles.The results also showed that raising the heat generation in FSW joints increased the amount of Al_(4)Cu_(9) and Al_(2)Cu intermetallic compounds.

幼龄动物毒理学研究:试验设计、实施和结果分析

非临床安全性评价是儿科药物研发的一个必要和独特的部分。儿童用药的安全性问题与成人用药相比具有独特性,不仅与儿童器官系统的发育密切相关,而且儿童药动学特性(吸收、分布、代谢和排泄)的变化常常会导致暴露量和毒性反应不同于成人。目前,人们通过幼龄动物毒理学试验来评估药物在儿童用药的安全性。幼龄动物毒理学试验有许多需要特殊考虑的地方,无标准的试验设计,需要具体问题具体分析来确定相应的试验设计。本文介绍国外对幼龄动物毒理学试验的经验,介绍了不同动物种属之间器官发育的比较,重点阐述了幼龄动物试验设计和实施的特殊关注要点,包括总体试验设计、评价指标的选择、种属选择、剂量选择、动物起始年龄和给药期限、同窝幼仔的分组考虑、一些实施问题试验数据分析与评价等。通过以上国外经验的介绍,期望对国内研发者提供参考。