垂直分层种施开沟器的设计与试验研究

通过对免耕播种机开沟器要求的分析,提出了垂直分层种施开沟器的设计方案,确定了开沟器结构参数,并将其安装在小型山地免耕播种机上,对其实用性进行了试验.结果表明:该开沟器能够将种子和化肥分别施于距地表5.4 cm和11.0 cm处,种肥间层为5.6 cm,达到播种作业的农艺要求,解决了播种作业中垂直分层种施的问题,对免耕播种机的推广应用具有重要意义.

用新型圆盘种肥分施开沟器置换24行小麦施肥播种机上的开沟器

实用新型专利技术——大小双圆盘种肥分施开沟器(专利号:ZL00209121·6),是机械播种施肥使用的新型双圆盘式开沟器,能把化肥播施到小麦、油菜等种子侧下3～6cm的安全位置,用土层分离种子、化肥以解决烧种和烧苗问题,种肥深施于种下恰到好处的位置,使肥效充分被利用,促进作物的生长。 1.机械播种化肥深施、种肥分开高效施肥的依据随着我国农业生产的发展,科技含量不断提高,有效地提高物质资源的利用率,降低生产成本,是农业发展的主要途径。机械化播种化肥深施,种肥分开。

小麦免耕播种机种肥分施机构的改进与应用效果

中国华北平原小麦-玉米一年两熟地区,玉米收获后免耕播种冬小麦时由于秸秆覆盖量大,免耕播种机播种部分易产生壅堵,播深一致性差,影响播种质量,针对这一问题,研发了尖角开沟器与双圆盘组合式种肥垂直分施装置,分别在玉米秸秆直立地和粉碎地进行了田间播种试验,结果表明:该组合装置中双圆盘播种机构实现了单体仿形,播种深度变异系数分别为19.8%、21.3%,种肥间距合格率达80%,提高了播种质量,同时解决了排种机构易产生壅堵的问题,通过性良好。因此本装置为小麦免耕播种机提供了技术支持,对一年两熟地区小麦免耕播种技术的推广具有重要意义。

并列组合式种肥分施防堵装置的设计与试验

针对东北垄作区春季玉米免耕播种时施肥量大,正位垂直施肥易烧种,侧位施肥易堵塞的问题,研究设计了一种并列组合式种肥分施防堵装置。在玉米碎秆覆盖地试验结果显示,该装置土壤扰动量为17.8%,播种平均深度为44 mm,施肥平均深度为78 mm,种肥水平间距为32 mm,垂直间距为34 mm,种肥间距合格率达93%,提高了播种质量。与正位垂直施肥和前后侧位深施肥方式相比,该装置防堵能力强,种肥分施效果好。

旱地冬小麦保护性耕作中的种肥分施

针对旱地保护性耕作中播种与施肥不当导致的烧苗、缺苗问题，以旱地冬小麦为例，对保护性耕作的种肥分施问题进行了试验研究，提出了出苗状况的综合评价指标——苗情指数，并通过回归分析建立了苗情指数与种肥间距和化肥施用量间的数学关系式，得出了旱地冬小麦在一定种肥间距下的化肥施用极限和在一定施肥量下的合理种肥间距，为种肥间距的合理调整及合理施肥量的确定提供了依据。

十字槽种肥分施及分层施肥开沟器设计

我国玉米在机械化播种施肥作业过程中存在土壤扰动大、施肥量大,易造成前期烧种和后期脱肥等问题。为此,设计了一种十字槽开沟器,主要参数为:立刀和横刀的入土角20°,立刀的入土隙角8°,斜切角70°,横刀宽度100mm,长度80mm,后倾角20°,种、肥管向两侧弯曲半径28mm,并制作试验样机进行了室内土槽试验。试验表明:玉米播种深度、种肥深度、种子与种肥间距及种子与基肥间距平均为44、43、52、102mm,变异系数<13%,播种、施肥稳定性和一致性较好。所设计的十字槽开沟器一次开沟可实现种子、种肥双侧分施及种肥、基肥的分层施放,减少了开沟器作业过程中的土壤扰动,能够满足玉米播种施肥农艺要求。

基于双圆盘覆土的种肥分施装置设计与试验

【目的】针对免耕条件下玉米播种施肥时,采用自然回土方式存在的种肥间距不稳定、种子覆土量不足等问题,采用主动覆土方法,设计一种基于双圆盘覆土的种肥分施装置。【方法】设计基于双圆盘覆土的种肥分施装置,利用EDEM对该装置的作业性能进行离散元仿真,研究圆盘直径、圆盘入土深度、圆盘张角、排种管前后间距及圆盘后方开口间距对种肥间距和种子覆土厚度的影响,并在此基础上选取圆盘直径(150,175,200,225,250 mm)、排种管前后间距(60,80,100,120,140 mm)及圆盘后方开口间距(110,135,160, 185,210 mm)为试验因素,利用3因素5水平二次正交回归试验,分析各关键因素对种子覆土厚度的影响。与不加覆土圆盘的装置进行田间对比试验,对基于双圆盘覆土的种肥分施装置作业效果进行验证。【结果】利用Design-Expert软件得出了影响种子覆土厚度的主次因素:圆盘后方开口间距、排种管前后间距、圆盘直径;最优组合是圆盘直径201 mm,圆盘后方开口间距103 mm,排种管前后间距115 mm。田间试验表明,设计的装置种肥间距与种子覆土厚度与仿真优化结果的相对误差分别为7.63%和11.45%;设计的装置种肥间距和种子覆土厚度较不加覆土圆盘的装置分别增加了14.30%和19.30%,种肥间距与种子覆土厚度的变异系数分别为5.21%和7.26%。【结论】所设计的基于双圆盘覆土的种肥分施装置作业效果满足种肥分施要求,为后续种肥分施技术与装置的研发提供了依据。

Living characteristics of rare and endangered species Davidia involucrata

Dovetree (Davidia involucrate), one of the first-class protective plants in China, is a relic species of paleotropical kingdom in Tertiary period, belonging toDavidiaceae with a single genus. In recent years, the increase of regional developing projects has led to a sharp decrease of this ancient and rare plant in naturally distributed habitats and natural population. In this paper, the biological and ecological characteristics of Dovetree were described, and the geographically distributed condition of this species in different geologic periods as well as the major reasons for dynamic changes of its population were systematically analyzed in accordance with field researches and references. The investigations conducted in different years by setting up standard sample plots showed that the population number of Dovetree increased yearly in the areas without human interference but decreased yearly in the areas with human interference. With the increase of population density and human activities decreased as the logarithmic curve:Y=?100.7ln(x)+178.09, and it has turned from a dominant population into an endangered population. Based on the former and present studies on Dovetree, some protection strategies were put foreword for protecting this ancient and rare species. Keywords Davidia involucrate - Dovetree - Geographical Distribution - Biological Characteristics - Protection Policy CLC number S718.4 Document code A Article ID 1007-662X(2004)01-0039-06 Foundation Item: This research was coordinated by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 39970591)Biography: Wu Gang (1965-), Male, Professor in Key Laboratory of Systems Ecology, Research Center for Eco Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.Responsible editor: Chai Ruihai

2BMG―7型小麦免耕条播机的研制及试验

为了解决青岛等沿海地区的小麦宽苗带免耕播种缺乏配套机具的问题,本文设计了适用于半岛沿海地区保护性耕作的2BMG―7型小麦免耕条播机,对其结构及工作原理作了相关的介绍,并对免耕防堵刀轴、种肥分施开沟器等关键部件的结构设计作了详尽的阐述。经过试验测得该机的种肥平均垂直距离为6.4cm,排种均匀性变异系数为43%,各行排量一致性变异系数为3.1%,且机具通过性显著。

Effect of Fertilizing Level and Planting Densities on Yield and Nitrogen Utilization in Maize

Elite maize hybrid Guidan0810 was selected as material, and the effects of fertilizing level and planting densities on yield and nitrogen utilization were dis- cussed in the study. In field experiments as per double-cropping system, 4 main plots （fertilization levels） and 6 subplots （planting densities） were set in a split plot design. The results suggested that yield had close relationship with fertilization levels and planting densities. Different fertilization levels and planting densities significantly affected yield. With the increase of nitrogen fertilization, nitrogen use efficiency, nitrogen agronomic efficiency and nitrogen physiological efficiency declined. Under the same fertilization level, nitrogen use efficiency, nitrogen agronomic efficiency and nitrogen physiological efficiency grew a little with the increase of planting density, so nitrogen efficiency could be improved by regulating planting density. The results also showed that A2 （including N 225.0 kg/hm2, P205 75.0 kg/hm^2, K20 187.5 kg/hm^2） matching to B3 （52 500 plants/hm^2） or B4（60 000 plants/hm^2） was a better design, which could obtain a higher yield in the range of 7 913.2-8 207.8 kg/hm2, respectively.

Optimal Technique for High Yield of Purple Flesh Sweetpotato in Chongqing

[Objective] The aim was to obtain the best planting density and the best fertilizer of purple flesh sweetpotato so as to provide theoretical basis for breeding of high yield and quality of purple flesh sweetpotato in Chongqing.[Method] The effects of fertilization,planting density and variety on yield of purple flesh sweetpotato were studied by orthogonal test of L9（34）.Residential treatment was：fertilization（A）,300 kg/hm2（A1）,600 kg/hm2（A2）,900 kg/hm2（A2）;density（B）,45 000 Plants/hm2（B1）,60 000 Plants/hm2（B2）,75 000 Plants/hm2（B3）;species（C）,Wanzi 56（C1）,Yuzi 43（C2）,Yuzi 263（C3）.[Result] The yield of Wanzi 56 was the highest among three purple flesh cultivars on conditions that planting density was 75 000 plants/hm2,and fertilization was 300 kg/hm2.The influence of planting density for yield of purple flesh sweetpotato was higher than that of fertilization.The orders of different levels of various factors on the test results was A factor column,K1〉K2〉K3;B factor column,K3〉K1〉K2;C factors column,K1〉K3〉K2.[Conclusion] The yield of Wanzi 56 was highest,follow by the yizi263 and yuzi43.The optimum planting density was 75 000 plants/hm2,and the most reasonable amount of fertilizer was 300 kg/hm2.

Key Techniques of an Ecological Pattern“Planting Rice in One Season and Breeding Red Swamp Crawfish in Three Seasons” for Green Production in Lixiahe Region of Jiangsu Province

Three big field projects, independent irrigation and drainage facilities, and a blocking net, which are auxiliary projects of a green planting and breeding pattern composed of rice and red swamp crawfish （Procambarus clarkii）, spatial and temporal coupling technology of ＂planting rice in one season and breeding red swamp crawfish in three seasons＂, green fertilization technology, green prevention and control technology, control technology of water level, and throwing technology of bait in Lixiahe region of Jiangsu Province were introduced successively, which can provide technical support for the development of ecological planting and breeding patterns and realization of green production in paddy fields.

Effects of Water Stress on Photosynthesis and Fluorescence Characteristics in Peony

[ Objective] Study on the photosynthesis and fluorescence characteristics in peony under water stress. [ Method ] The two peony varieties Huhong and Luoyanghong were treated by different water stress for determining the photosynthesis and fluorescence characteristics. [ Result ] With the aggravation of water stress, the net photosynthetic rate （Pn） and stomatal conductance （Gs） decreased, while the intercellular CO2 concentration （Ci） increased. Drought could decrease Pn, constrain gas exchange and change the daily photosynthesis. Fo of peony leaf increased and Fv/Fm decreased under water stress especially water logging, causing the inactivation of the PS II reaction center, and the chlorophyll fluorescence characters gradually recovered until afternoon. [ Conclusion] The 75% soil relative water content （SRWC） is the best condition for growth of peony. Compared with drought, water logging is more unfit for the growth of peony. For the two varieties, Huhong assumed more tolerance to drought, accordingly more adaptability.

Study on Optimum Fertilization Model of Potato Intercropped with Sugarcane

[Objective] The paper was to study the effects of different ratios of N, P and K on yield of potato intercropped with sugarcane in Lateritic red earth area of Guangxi, and seek the best N, P and K ratio for nutrition model of potato inter- cropped with sugarcane. [Method]Two field experiments adopted the optimum com- pound design （311-A） were conducted in Long＇an County of Guangxi Province in 2011 and 2012, respectively. The polynomial regression models of fertilizer applica- tion and quadratic of three factors were established by SAS statistical analysis soft- ware, and optimum nutrient simulation models of potato were obtained by computer processing. [Result] The combined application of low nitrogen and mid-high potassi- um and phosphorus fertilizer contributed to higher potato yield in experimental condi- tion. The regression model of potato yield （Yll and Y12） and dosage of N（X1）, P （X2）, K（X3） were established by using SAS statistical analysis software, in 2011 and 2012, respectively. They were Y11 =14 725.28 -415.39X1 ＋741.99X2 ＋607.83）（3-447.92X1X2- 144.09X1X3 -405.83X2X3 -267.82X1^2-795.67X2^2 -642.10X3^2, R =0.927 2; and Y12 =14 342.60 -896.25X1 ＋548.62X2 ＋925.51 X3 ＋67.81 X1X2 ＋531.60X1X3 -99.00X2X3 -904.00X1^2 - 1121.36X2^2-596.64X3^2,R=0.926 6. The regression mathematics model of potato yields preferably fit with actual situation in the locality, and have higher practical value, so it could be used for fertilizer decision and forecast. Using the computer to carry on the optimization, the N, P and K dosage of the best potato yield intercropped with sugarcane was obtained. The dosage of N, P2O5, K2O were 108.8-140.6, 172.5-204.4 and 285.9 kg/hm2, respectively. [Conclusion] The best N, P and K ratio of potato yield intercropped with sugarcane was 1：（1.23-1.68）：（2.03-2.63）.

Study on Growth and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Pepper under Different Fertilization Modes

With the new pepper cultivar Guanlong as a test material, effects of differ-ent fertilizer application modes on growth and development, yield and photosynthetic characteristics of pepper were studied. The results showed that the plant height and plant expansion of pepper in T4 were the largest, of 104.3 and 90.6 cm, respec-tively. T1 showed the largest weight of single fruit, fruit length and fruit diameter, re-spectively of 101.6 g, 25.49 cm and 4.86 cm. The content of total chlorophyl in the leaves of T1 was the highest, of 66.7 mg/g, and the root activity of T1 was also the highest, of 100.6 g/（g·FW·h）. The net photosynthetic rate of pepper leaves in T5 was the highest, of 6.6 μmol/（m^2·s）, while the net photosynthetic rates of T1 and T2 were the lowest, fluctuating in the range of 1.3-2.5 μmol/（m^2·s）. T3 showed the highest decrease amplitude of stomatal conductance in pepper leaves, of 2 658.1 mol/（m^2·s）, while the decrease amplitudes of stomatal conductance of pepper leaves in treatments T2 and T5 were the lowest, fluctuating in the range of 386.7-428.7 mol/（m^2·s）. T1 showed the highest decrease amplitude of transpiration rate of pepper leaves, of 4.7 mmol/（m^2·s）, while treatment T5 showed the lowest decrease ampli-tude of transpiration rate of pepper leaves, of 1.1 mmol/（m^2·s）. The intercel ular CO2 concentration was the highest in the leaves of T5, of 436.8 μmol/mol. T1 showed the highest plot output, yield per hectare and benefit, of 340.1 kg, 96 448.5 kg/hm^2 and 162 865.6 Yuan/hm^2, respectively, while T3 exhibited the lowest plot output, yield per hectare and benefit, of 260.8 kg, 74 338.5 kg/hm^2 and 124 888.5 Yuan/hm^2, respec-tively.

Effects of Mechanized Transplanting and Fertilization Mode on Population Growth and Development of Male Parent in Seed Production of Hybrid Rice

In order to study the effects of mechanized transplanting and fertilization mode on population growth and development of the male parent in seed production of hybrid rice, three male parents, Huazhan, Shuhui 527 and R9311 were selected as materials. The male parents were transplanted by rice transplanter with two kinds of line spacing design, six lines with equal row spacing （20/25 cm x 30 cm） and wide and narrow spacing （20/25 cm x 40, 20 cm）, and artificial transplanting with equal row spacing （20/25 cm x 30 cm） was set as the control. The three fer- tilization modes were applying for one, two and three times. The flowering stage and panicle-spikelet structure of the male parent were investigated. The results showed that the effects of mechanized transplanting and fertilization mode were little on the duration from seeding to heading; the panicles and spikelets of the three male parents were significantly increased by mechanized transplanting. The tiller number was increased by mechanized transplanting and fertilizing for two and three times. Wide and narrow spacing by machine planting and fertilizing for three times were suitable for Huazhan, which significantly increased the number of spikelets per unit area. Furthermore, the number of spikelets per unit area of Shuhui 527 and R9311 were significantly increased by mechanized transplanting and fertilizing for three times.

Light Simplified Cultivation Techniques of Wide Row and Double Ridge with Filming, Fertilizing and Sowing on One for Foxtail Millet

In view of the problems of completely depending on rain, low and unstable yield and complicated planting of dry land foxtail millet, the light simplified cultivation techniques of wide row and double ridge with filming, fertilizing and sowing on one for foxtail millet was formed through the integration of plastic film mulching technology and mechanized production technology by Institute of Millet crops of Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, and the techniques were introduced from the key technologies of pre-sowing preparation, sowing, supporting equipment, field management, harvesting, plastic film recycling.

Effects of Facilities Condition on Occurrence of Freeze Injury and Fresh Pod Yield of Broad Bean

Using Tongxian No.2 as material, the effects of different film-covering time, different sowing time and different planting density on the occurrence of freeze injury and yield of fresh broad beans were investigated. The randomized block design was adopted. The results showed that with the delayed film covering, the incidence of mild freeze injury and number of headless seedlings were increased correspondingly, but the yield was increased; with the delayed sowing, the branch number per plant, effective branch number per plant, incidence of mild freeze injury and number of headless seedlings were all reduced, and the broad beans, sowed on September 30 th, obtained the highest yield; planting density showed on effect on the occurrence of freeze injury, and the yield was increased with the increase of planting density. Under the same film-covering time, the incidence of freeze injury was reduced with the delayed sowing time and it showed no changes when planting density was changed, but the yield was increased with the increase of planting density and it was highest when broad bean seeds were sowed on September 30th;under the same sowing time, the incidence of freeze injury was increased with the delayed film-covering time and it showed no changes when planting density was changed, and the yield was increased with the delayed film-covering time and increased planting density; under the same planting density, the incidence of freeze injury was increased with the delayed film-covering time but was reduced with the delayed sowing time, and the yield was increased with the delayed film-covering time and it was highest when the broad bean seeds were sowed on September30 th. Under same film-covering time and sowing time, the total branch number per plant and effective branch number per plant were reduced, but the yield was increased with the increase of planting density; under same film-covering time and planting density, the incidence of freeze injury was reduced with the delayed sowing time, and the yield was highest when broad bean seeds were sowed on September30th; under same sowing time and planting density, the incidence of freeze injury and the yield were all increased with the delayed film-covering time.

Effects of Water Deficit and Increased Nitrogen Application in the Late Growth Stage on Physiological Characters of Anti-aging of Leaves in Different Hybrid Rice Varieties

[Objective] This study aimed to explore the effects of water and fertilizer regulation on the function of leaves in the filling stage. [Method] Six hybrid rice vari- eties including prematurely aged types and non-prematurely aged ones were selected as experimental materials. Limiting water treatment （with soil water potential of about -25 kpa） and increasing nitrogen treatment （additional 10% of granular nitrogen fertiliz- er in addition to limiting water treatment） were applied after heading to analyse the rates of aging and physiological responses of anti-aging in different hybrid rice vari- eties under water deficit and increased nitrogen conditions taking regular water and fertilizer as control. [Result] The results showed that water deficit accelerated the leaf senescence, and prematurely aged types-＇Zhongyou838＇, ＇Tianyou998＇ and ＇Long- ping601 ＇-were more markedly affected by water deficit, of which the rates of chloro- phyll degradation were 6%-8% higher compared to that in another three hybrids. In- creasing nitrogen treatment raised chlorophyll content and slowed down its degrada- tion. Water deficit caused the increase of abscisic acid （ABA） content to obviously varying degrees in leaves of six hybried rice varieties. Responses of ABA content in six hybried rice varieties to increased nitrogen fertilizer were not consistent. Except in ＇Zhongyou838＇, ABA content in the other five hybrids had varying degrees of in- crease. The responses of the activity of antioxidant enzymes in different hybried rice varieties were inconsistent. In response to increased nitrogen fertilizer in combination with water deficit, the activity of each antioxidant enzyme changed differently. Water deficit enhanced the accumulation of malondialdehyde （MDA） in leaves of each hybrid rice. The correlation analysis showed that chlorophyll content was extremely signifi- cantly positively correlated to the resistance of each antioxidant enzyme; SOD activity in leaves also positively related to ABA content. [Conclusion] The rate of leaf aging, physiological activity of anti-aging, and response to water deficit varied in different hy- bried rice varieties. The activity of antioxidant enzymes were not all induced to improve by ABA. SOD activity can be an indicator of resistance to stress. Increasing nitrogen ap- plication significantly postponed leave senescence in the late growth stage of rice.