Typically, Japanese macaques are thought to avoid encountering other groups wherever possible. Intergroup relations between macaques on Shodoshima Island, however, appear exceptional. We show that neighboring groups o...Typically, Japanese macaques are thought to avoid encountering other groups wherever possible. Intergroup relations between macaques on Shodoshima Island, however, appear exceptional. We show that neighboring groups of Shodoshima mon-keys spent 32.8% of their active time in proximity to （〈100 m） and even foraged simultaneously at the same provisioning site with another group. The average duration and rate of intergroup encounters at Shodoshima （59.8 rain, 0.33 times/hour, n=269） were approximately ten times longer and 16.5 times more frequent than those at Jigokudani （6.1 rain, 0.02 times/hour, n--14）. Since both populations have similar provisioning and ecological conditions, such variation cannot be explained by the socioecol- ogy model alone. Compared with other populations of Japanese macaques, intergroup relations of Shodoshima monkeys are also characterized by more frequent neutral encounters, less frequent agonistic encounters, more frequent unsuccessful displacement, a lower intensity of aggression, and more frequent counter-aggression between groups. These characteristics suggest that intergroup relationships on Shodoshima Island are more tolerant than those in other Japanese macaque populations. This study reveals con- siderable differences in intergroup encounters within local populations of Japanese macaques living in similar environments, and emphasizes the role of social factors in such intra-specific variation [Current Zoology 58 （4）： 517-524, 2012].展开更多
Themethods of vegetation ecology were used to analyze the community structure of Hefei Ring Park, andspecies composition, distribution patternoftree heightand DBH weredescribed.Through calculation of tree growth index...Themethods of vegetation ecology were used to analyze the community structure of Hefei Ring Park, andspecies composition, distribution patternoftree heightand DBH weredescribed.Through calculation of tree growth index and association correlation of component species, the community structures were analyzed. The results showed that community structures are complex, there are 22 pairs of species with positive association, and tree individual in the following communities grow well and are more stable, the majorarePlatycladus orientalis-Prunuscerasifera f.atropurpurea-Osmanthusfragrans, Robinia pseduacacia- Ligustrum lucidum,Robinia pseudoacacia-Ginkgobiloba-Photinia serrulata,Populuscadadensis-Ligustrum lucidum-Osmanthusfragrans, Sophora japonica-Ligustrum lucidum-Buxussinica, Cyclobalanopsis glauca- Distylium racemosum.展开更多
基金The study was supported by the Na- tional Natural Science Foundation of China （31000175）, the Grant-In-Aid from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science （JSPS： P09103） and the Kiriyama Foundation of Ja-pan. We are grateful to the Choshikei Monkey Park and Jigo-kudani Monkey Park for granting permission to carry out this research, special thanks to Mr. Eishi Tokida for his kind aids in our study. We thank Dr. Andrew J. Macintosh for reading and commenting on a previous draft of this manuscript. We thank all members of the Anthropology Department, Sun Yat-sen University, China and the Social Ecology Department at the Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, for their helpful comments on this research. The research and care of the monkeys under study abides by the national and institu- tional guidelines for the care and management of primates established by the Primate Research Institute, Kyoto Univer- sity, Japan.
文摘Typically, Japanese macaques are thought to avoid encountering other groups wherever possible. Intergroup relations between macaques on Shodoshima Island, however, appear exceptional. We show that neighboring groups of Shodoshima mon-keys spent 32.8% of their active time in proximity to （〈100 m） and even foraged simultaneously at the same provisioning site with another group. The average duration and rate of intergroup encounters at Shodoshima （59.8 rain, 0.33 times/hour, n=269） were approximately ten times longer and 16.5 times more frequent than those at Jigokudani （6.1 rain, 0.02 times/hour, n--14）. Since both populations have similar provisioning and ecological conditions, such variation cannot be explained by the socioecol- ogy model alone. Compared with other populations of Japanese macaques, intergroup relations of Shodoshima monkeys are also characterized by more frequent neutral encounters, less frequent agonistic encounters, more frequent unsuccessful displacement, a lower intensity of aggression, and more frequent counter-aggression between groups. These characteristics suggest that intergroup relationships on Shodoshima Island are more tolerant than those in other Japanese macaque populations. This study reveals con- siderable differences in intergroup encounters within local populations of Japanese macaques living in similar environments, and emphasizes the role of social factors in such intra-specific variation [Current Zoology 58 （4）： 517-524, 2012].
文摘Themethods of vegetation ecology were used to analyze the community structure of Hefei Ring Park, andspecies composition, distribution patternoftree heightand DBH weredescribed.Through calculation of tree growth index and association correlation of component species, the community structures were analyzed. The results showed that community structures are complex, there are 22 pairs of species with positive association, and tree individual in the following communities grow well and are more stable, the majorarePlatycladus orientalis-Prunuscerasifera f.atropurpurea-Osmanthusfragrans, Robinia pseduacacia- Ligustrum lucidum,Robinia pseudoacacia-Ginkgobiloba-Photinia serrulata,Populuscadadensis-Ligustrum lucidum-Osmanthusfragrans, Sophora japonica-Ligustrum lucidum-Buxussinica, Cyclobalanopsis glauca- Distylium racemosum.
