[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effect of potyamine priming on physiological and biochemical variations of Lolium perenne embryos and seed germination. [Method] With annual Lolium perenne （Diamond T a...[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effect of potyamine priming on physiological and biochemical variations of Lolium perenne embryos and seed germination. [Method] With annual Lolium perenne （Diamond T and Grazing-8000） as experimental materials, after priming with 0.5 mmol/L putrescine （Put）, spermidine （Spd） and spermine （Spm） for 24 h and chilling imbibition at 5 ℃ for 12, 24, 36 and 48 h, the effect of Put, Spd and Spm priming on chilling tolerance and germination ability of annual Lolium perenne seeds during imbibition was investigated. [Result] Put, Spd and Spm priming improved the activities of peroxidase （POD）, catalase （CAT）, superoxide dismutase （SOD） and ascorbate peroxidase （APX） and content of soluble protein content under low temperature stress, significantly in-creased the germination rate, and shortened the average germination duration. After chilling imbibition for 48 h, compared with the control, the average germination rate of annual Lolium perenne seeds was improved by 15.5% and 12.0% after Put, Spd and Spm priming, and the average germination duration was shortened by 1.21 and 1.14 d. During seed imbibition, the chilling tolerance of Grazing-8000 was stronger than that of Diamond T. Overall, Put, Spd and Spm treatment could increase the chilling tolerance of annual Lolium perenne seeds during imbibition, and improve the germination ability of seeds under low temperature stress. [Conclusion] Results of this study provided theoretical basis for the application of seed priming technology in the production of annual ryegrass.展开更多
To investigate effects of Zn on Cd uptake by spring wheat (Triticum aestivum, L.) in solution culture, long-time hydroponic experiment (1 month) (Experiment 1) and short-time Cd isotope (109Cd) tracing experiment (24 ...To investigate effects of Zn on Cd uptake by spring wheat (Triticum aestivum, L.) in solution culture, long-time hydroponic experiment (1 month) (Experiment 1) and short-time Cd isotope (109Cd) tracing experiment (24 h) (Experiment 2) were conducted. In Experiment 1, spring wheat (cv. Brookton) was grown in nutrient solution at uniform cadmium concentration of 20μ mol/L and 10 zinc concentrations (0, 1, 5, 10, 20, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000 μ mol/L). In Experiment 2, spring wheat seedlings,pre-cultivated in complete nutrient solution, were treated with 109Cd of uniform activity and the same series of Zn concentrations as those in Experiment 1 for 24 h. Cd concentrations in shoots and roots in Experiment 1 increased marginally but not consistently with Zn increasing at Zn rates of 1～200 μmol/L, and then decreased significantly at high rates (＞200 μ mol/L). In Experiment 2, the response of 109Cd activities in shoots and roots to increasing Zn was greatly similar to the response of Cd concentrations to Zn increasing in Experiment 1. The results of the two experiments indicated that the short-time and long-time exposure of spring wheat to Zn had similar effects on Cd accumulation.展开更多
In recent years, wheat yield per hectare appears to have reached a plateau, leading to concerns for future food security with an increasing world population. Since its invention, synthetic hexaploid wheat （SHW） has ...In recent years, wheat yield per hectare appears to have reached a plateau, leading to concerns for future food security with an increasing world population. Since its invention, synthetic hexaploid wheat （SHW） has been shown to be an effective genetic resource for transferring agronomically important genes from wild relatives to common wheat. It provides new sources for yield potential, drought tolerance, disease resistance, and nutrient-use efficiency when bred conventionally with modern wheat varieties. SHW is becoming more and more important for modern wheat breeding. Here, we review the current status of SHW generation, study, and application, with a particular focus on its contribution to wheat breeding. We also briefly introduce the most recent progress in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms for growth vigor in SHW. Advances in new technologies have made the complete wheat reference genome available, which offers a promising future for the study and applications of SHW in wheat improvement that are essential to meet global food demand.展开更多
Wheat grown under rain-fed conditions is often affected by drought worldwide. Future projections from a climate simulation model predict that the combined effects of increasing temperature and changing rainfall patter...Wheat grown under rain-fed conditions is often affected by drought worldwide. Future projections from a climate simulation model predict that the combined effects of increasing temperature and changing rainfall patterns will aggravate this drought scenario and may significantly reduce wheat yields unless appropriate varieties are adopted. Wheat is adapted to a wide range of environments due to the diversity in its phenology genes. Wheat phenology offers the opportunity to fight against drought by modifying crop developmental phases according to water availability in target environments. This review summa- rizes recent advances in wheat phenology research, including vernalization （Vrn）, photoperiod （Ppd）, and also dwarfing （Rht） genes. The alleles, haplotypes, and copy number variation identified for Vrn and Ppd genes respond differently in different climatic conditions, and thus could alter not only the development phases but also the yield. Compared with the model plant Arabidopsis, more phenology genes have not yet been identified in wheat; quantifying their effects in target environments would benefit the breeding of wheat for improved drought tolerance. Hence, there is scope to maximize yields in water-limited envi-ronments by deploying appropriate phenology gene combinations along with Rht genes and other important physiological traits that are associated with drought resistance.展开更多
Powdery mildew, which is caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici （Bgt）, is an important leaf disease that affects wheat yield. Powdery mildew-resistance （Pro） gene Pro21 was first transferred into wheat in the ...Powdery mildew, which is caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici （Bgt）, is an important leaf disease that affects wheat yield. Powdery mildew-resistance （Pro） gene Pro21 was first transferred into wheat in the 1980s, by translocating the Heuchera villosa chromosome arm 6VS to the wheat chromosome arm 6AL （6VS.6AL）. Recently, new Bgt isolates that are virulent to Pm21 have been identified in some wheat fields, indicating that wheat breeders should be aware of the risk of deploying Pm21, although pathological details regarding these virulent isolates still remain to be discovered. Pm40 was identified and mapped on the wheat chromosome arm 7BS from several wheat lines developed from the progenies of a wild cross between wheat and Thinopyrum intermedium. Pm40 offers a broad spectrum of resistance to Bgt, which suggests that it is likely to provide potentially durable resistance. Cytological methods did not detect any large alien chromosomal segment in the wheat lines carrying Pm40. Lines with Pm40 and promising agronomical traits have been released by several wheat-breeding programs in the past several years. Therefore, we believe that Pm40 will play a role in powdery mildew-resistance wheat breeding after Pm21 resistance is overcome by Bgt isolates. In addition, both Prn21 and Pm40 were derived from alien species, suggesting that the resistance genes derived from alien species are potentially more durable or effective than those identified from wheat.展开更多
The productivity of the flee-wheat rotation of the Indo-Gangetie Plains is critical to India＇s food security. Severe weed competition resulting from the change in morphological characteristics of the modem high yield...The productivity of the flee-wheat rotation of the Indo-Gangetie Plains is critical to India＇s food security. Severe weed competition resulting from the change in morphological characteristics of the modem high yielding varieties （HYV） led to intensive use of herbicides for weed control. Continuous and indiscriminate use of herbicides led to pollution as well as build up of resistant biotypes. This necessitates the need based use of herbicides. Identification of predominant weeds in rice-wheat cropping system through remote sensing and Geographic Information System （GIS） would help in reducing the load of herbicide on agro-eco system by reducing spray volume, application time and non-target spraying. This will help in developing site-specific weed management technique by geating only those areas with herbicide where weed densities exceed the economic threshold and may reduce application rate of herbicides in patches where weed densities are low. This paper reviews the literature on role of remote sensing for weed management not just to review their empirical findings, but to evaluate the role they have played and have the potential to play-in actual for weed management in flee-wheat cropping system （food bowl of India）.展开更多
For cultivation of new common wheat cultivars having valuable morphological traits new resource-saving ridge technology was applied. Our collection of dwarf lines, obtained in the result of cyclical diallel crossings ...For cultivation of new common wheat cultivars having valuable morphological traits new resource-saving ridge technology was applied. Our collection of dwarf lines, obtained in the result of cyclical diallel crossings of genotrophs, induced by pyridine carbonic acids, zoned common wheat cultivars and short stem common wheat samples from the World Wide Collection of the Russian Institute of Plant Industry, was applied for creation of new common wheat lines having valuable morphological traits. It was observed that open blooming dwarfs were good for cross-pollination, and without insulation they demonstrated a great issue of natural hybrids. It was marked that cross-pollination promoted appearance of great number of hybrid plants with high productive tillering capacity. After individual selection among those hybrid plants and their propagation we got fertile constant lines of common winter wheat having 17-20 productive stems per one plant and a productive ear. These lines are firm and resistant to lodging. At the present time these constant lines are cultivated in conditions of resource-saving ridge technology.展开更多
基金Supported by Agricultural Research Project of Guizhou Province([2010]No.3045)~~
文摘[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effect of potyamine priming on physiological and biochemical variations of Lolium perenne embryos and seed germination. [Method] With annual Lolium perenne （Diamond T and Grazing-8000） as experimental materials, after priming with 0.5 mmol/L putrescine （Put）, spermidine （Spd） and spermine （Spm） for 24 h and chilling imbibition at 5 ℃ for 12, 24, 36 and 48 h, the effect of Put, Spd and Spm priming on chilling tolerance and germination ability of annual Lolium perenne seeds during imbibition was investigated. [Result] Put, Spd and Spm priming improved the activities of peroxidase （POD）, catalase （CAT）, superoxide dismutase （SOD） and ascorbate peroxidase （APX） and content of soluble protein content under low temperature stress, significantly in-creased the germination rate, and shortened the average germination duration. After chilling imbibition for 48 h, compared with the control, the average germination rate of annual Lolium perenne seeds was improved by 15.5% and 12.0% after Put, Spd and Spm priming, and the average germination duration was shortened by 1.21 and 1.14 d. During seed imbibition, the chilling tolerance of Grazing-8000 was stronger than that of Diamond T. Overall, Put, Spd and Spm treatment could increase the chilling tolerance of annual Lolium perenne seeds during imbibition, and improve the germination ability of seeds under low temperature stress. [Conclusion] Results of this study provided theoretical basis for the application of seed priming technology in the production of annual ryegrass.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40335046) and the "Recruiting Outstanding Overseas Chinese Scientists" Scheme of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
文摘To investigate effects of Zn on Cd uptake by spring wheat (Triticum aestivum, L.) in solution culture, long-time hydroponic experiment (1 month) (Experiment 1) and short-time Cd isotope (109Cd) tracing experiment (24 h) (Experiment 2) were conducted. In Experiment 1, spring wheat (cv. Brookton) was grown in nutrient solution at uniform cadmium concentration of 20μ mol/L and 10 zinc concentrations (0, 1, 5, 10, 20, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000 μ mol/L). In Experiment 2, spring wheat seedlings,pre-cultivated in complete nutrient solution, were treated with 109Cd of uniform activity and the same series of Zn concentrations as those in Experiment 1 for 24 h. Cd concentrations in shoots and roots in Experiment 1 increased marginally but not consistently with Zn increasing at Zn rates of 1～200 μmol/L, and then decreased significantly at high rates (＞200 μ mol/L). In Experiment 2, the response of 109Cd activities in shoots and roots to increasing Zn was greatly similar to the response of Cd concentrations to Zn increasing in Experiment 1. The results of the two experiments indicated that the short-time and long-time exposure of spring wheat to Zn had similar effects on Cd accumulation.
基金The work related to synthetic wheat is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China （31661143007 and 31571665） and the Major Breeding Program from Ministry of Science and Technology of China （2016YFD0101004 and 2016YFD0102002）.
文摘In recent years, wheat yield per hectare appears to have reached a plateau, leading to concerns for future food security with an increasing world population. Since its invention, synthetic hexaploid wheat （SHW） has been shown to be an effective genetic resource for transferring agronomically important genes from wild relatives to common wheat. It provides new sources for yield potential, drought tolerance, disease resistance, and nutrient-use efficiency when bred conventionally with modern wheat varieties. SHW is becoming more and more important for modern wheat breeding. Here, we review the current status of SHW generation, study, and application, with a particular focus on its contribution to wheat breeding. We also briefly introduce the most recent progress in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms for growth vigor in SHW. Advances in new technologies have made the complete wheat reference genome available, which offers a promising future for the study and applications of SHW in wheat improvement that are essential to meet global food demand.
文摘Wheat grown under rain-fed conditions is often affected by drought worldwide. Future projections from a climate simulation model predict that the combined effects of increasing temperature and changing rainfall patterns will aggravate this drought scenario and may significantly reduce wheat yields unless appropriate varieties are adopted. Wheat is adapted to a wide range of environments due to the diversity in its phenology genes. Wheat phenology offers the opportunity to fight against drought by modifying crop developmental phases according to water availability in target environments. This review summa- rizes recent advances in wheat phenology research, including vernalization （Vrn）, photoperiod （Ppd）, and also dwarfing （Rht） genes. The alleles, haplotypes, and copy number variation identified for Vrn and Ppd genes respond differently in different climatic conditions, and thus could alter not only the development phases but also the yield. Compared with the model plant Arabidopsis, more phenology genes have not yet been identified in wheat; quantifying their effects in target environments would benefit the breeding of wheat for improved drought tolerance. Hence, there is scope to maximize yields in water-limited envi-ronments by deploying appropriate phenology gene combinations along with Rht genes and other important physiological traits that are associated with drought resistance.
基金We are grateful to Dr. Hongjie Li of the Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China, for providing many useful suggestions and for revising this manuscript. We are also grateful for financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China （31571661） and the Applied Basic Research Foundation of the Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province of China （2017JY0012）.
文摘Powdery mildew, which is caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici （Bgt）, is an important leaf disease that affects wheat yield. Powdery mildew-resistance （Pro） gene Pro21 was first transferred into wheat in the 1980s, by translocating the Heuchera villosa chromosome arm 6VS to the wheat chromosome arm 6AL （6VS.6AL）. Recently, new Bgt isolates that are virulent to Pm21 have been identified in some wheat fields, indicating that wheat breeders should be aware of the risk of deploying Pm21, although pathological details regarding these virulent isolates still remain to be discovered. Pm40 was identified and mapped on the wheat chromosome arm 7BS from several wheat lines developed from the progenies of a wild cross between wheat and Thinopyrum intermedium. Pm40 offers a broad spectrum of resistance to Bgt, which suggests that it is likely to provide potentially durable resistance. Cytological methods did not detect any large alien chromosomal segment in the wheat lines carrying Pm40. Lines with Pm40 and promising agronomical traits have been released by several wheat-breeding programs in the past several years. Therefore, we believe that Pm40 will play a role in powdery mildew-resistance wheat breeding after Pm21 resistance is overcome by Bgt isolates. In addition, both Prn21 and Pm40 were derived from alien species, suggesting that the resistance genes derived from alien species are potentially more durable or effective than those identified from wheat.
文摘The productivity of the flee-wheat rotation of the Indo-Gangetie Plains is critical to India＇s food security. Severe weed competition resulting from the change in morphological characteristics of the modem high yielding varieties （HYV） led to intensive use of herbicides for weed control. Continuous and indiscriminate use of herbicides led to pollution as well as build up of resistant biotypes. This necessitates the need based use of herbicides. Identification of predominant weeds in rice-wheat cropping system through remote sensing and Geographic Information System （GIS） would help in reducing the load of herbicide on agro-eco system by reducing spray volume, application time and non-target spraying. This will help in developing site-specific weed management technique by geating only those areas with herbicide where weed densities exceed the economic threshold and may reduce application rate of herbicides in patches where weed densities are low. This paper reviews the literature on role of remote sensing for weed management not just to review their empirical findings, but to evaluate the role they have played and have the potential to play-in actual for weed management in flee-wheat cropping system （food bowl of India）.
文摘For cultivation of new common wheat cultivars having valuable morphological traits new resource-saving ridge technology was applied. Our collection of dwarf lines, obtained in the result of cyclical diallel crossings of genotrophs, induced by pyridine carbonic acids, zoned common wheat cultivars and short stem common wheat samples from the World Wide Collection of the Russian Institute of Plant Industry, was applied for creation of new common wheat lines having valuable morphological traits. It was observed that open blooming dwarfs were good for cross-pollination, and without insulation they demonstrated a great issue of natural hybrids. It was marked that cross-pollination promoted appearance of great number of hybrid plants with high productive tillering capacity. After individual selection among those hybrid plants and their propagation we got fertile constant lines of common winter wheat having 17-20 productive stems per one plant and a productive ear. These lines are firm and resistant to lodging. At the present time these constant lines are cultivated in conditions of resource-saving ridge technology.
