“如何认识科学”(十六):科学知识与社会建构--大卫·凯里对史蒂文·夏平的访谈

史蒂文·夏平认为,有一个独立于我们思想的世界;但当我们开始描绘这个世界和谈论这个世界时,我们是在谈论文化的实在。科学在所有的方式下都是社会性的;这绝对没有破坏其真理的断言,真理同样以自然的、社会的方式存在。在《利维坦和空气泵》中,通过重现波义耳和霍布斯之间关于科学知识可靠性的争论,作者挑战了科学革命作为一个简单和大一统事件的标准形象,展现了科学知识社会建构的维度。在《真理社会史》中,夏平继续为撼动被认为是标准的科学观念作出努力,挑战"科学是建立在普遍怀疑的基础之上的"观点,认为科学不是依赖于系统的怀疑而是依赖于系统的信任。在现代社会中,科学已变得非常重要,它被权力机构和制造财富所包围,这是科学获得巨大成功并获得不断增加的影响力的标志;但这也导致人们相信其中有某些危险。因此,我们有必要理解:科学知识是什么类型的知识,与科学判断有关的是一种什么样的确定性,在公共事务中科学能够起到和扮演什么样的作用。

Coffee drinking and pancreatic cancer risk:A meta-analysis of cohort studies

AIM:To quantitatively assess the relationship between coffee consumption and incidence of pancreatic cancer in a meta-analysis of cohort studies. METHODS:We searched MEDLINE,EMBASE,Science Citation Index Expanded and bibliographies of retrieved articles.Studies were included if they reported relative risks(RRs)and corresponding 95%CIs of pancreatic cancer with respect to frequency of coffee intake.We performed random-effects meta-analyses and metaregressions of study-specific incremental estimates to determine the risk of pancreatic cancer associated with a 1 cup/d increment in coffee consumption. RESULTS:Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria, which included 671 080 individuals(1496 cancer events) with an average follow-up of 14.9 years.Compared with individuals who did not drink or seldom drank coffee per day,the pooled RR of pancreatic cancer was 0.82 (95%CI:0.69-0.95)for regular coffee drinkers,0.86 (0.76-0.96)for low to moderate coffee drinkers,and 0.68(0.51-0.84)for high drinkers.In subgroup analyses,we noted that,coffee drinking was associated witha reduced risk of pancreatic cancer in men,while this association was not seen in women.These associations were also similar in studies from North America,Europe, and the Asia-Pacific region. CONCLUSION:Findings from this meta-analysis suggest that there is an inverse relationship between coffee drinking and risk of pancreatic cancer.

The Risk Evaluation of Enterprise Technological Innovation Network Based on Extenics

Growing competition has prompted enterprises to choose construct Technological Innovation Network to promote innovation, however the innovation network is a risky innovation system, how to carry out a comprehensive risk assessment of the innovation network is particularly important. This paper focused on the technological innovation network risk analysis, used extenics to define which risk levels should these various risk factors in technological innovation network belongs to. And used Shanghai Caohejing hi tech park to do the empirical research, comfirmed risk factors which have the larger influence on technological innovation network.Enterprises can face them as the main objects of enterprise risk managemenL in order to improve the success rate of the innovation of the enterprise technological innovation network.

Crossing the DNA Rubicon

Chinese scientists make history by editing humangenes with new technologyIs it possible for humans to wall off a branch of knowledge that is deemed too dangerous,risky or formidable to pursue？That is what James Burke,the science historian,asked in his 1985 documentary series,

探析狱情之来源

狱情（指消极一面）主要来源于犯人自身的危险性以及我们工作的偏差和民警认知水平的欠缺。我们只有提高认识，高度重视狱情，主动进攻排查狱情，科学地认识罪犯、对待罪犯，提高民警的认知水平，才能准确掌控狱情、彻底消除险情。各项监管改造工作都围绕狱情做文章，方可有的放矢。而任何游离于狱情之外、忽视狱情的工作，都是不可能收到实效的，也是危险的。