再探李约瑟之谜:科学发生还需什么前提

2015年笔者曾撰文探讨为什么中国在历史上未产生科学,结论是缺乏一个必要前提--逻辑,而缺乏主谓结构的逻辑跟汉语不以主谓句式为主相关。本文给出科学成立的三项必要前提:齐一性、逻辑、实证观,随之探讨两个问题:1.科学发生除了逻辑是否还有其他未满足的必要条件?答案是还需要齐一性和实证观。齐一性的产生与语言中的主语必要性高度相关。在中国历史上实证在实践方面存在,但在认识论上很缺乏。2.为什么其他文化如印度、阿拉伯或印第安文化也没发展出科学?答案是在那些文化中三项前提都至少缺少一项。李约瑟之谜是一个针对特殊现象使用否定句来提的问题:“为什么在某地不产生某物?”这样提问容易得出特设性答案;应该用肯定句来问一个一般性问题:“某物产生的一般条件是什么?”这样提问才能引向科学研究。

科学发生的精神现象学机制

科学发生是科学文化学研究的一个重要内容。科学与人类其他文化形式有着根本的区别, 它是一种只有在特殊条件下才发生的文化现象。语言符号的进化,为科学的发生提供了思维工具;思维逻 辑的嬗变,为科学的发生建构了认知框架;人类理性的扩张,是科学发生的精神动因;社会实践的发展, 是科学发生的最终根源。

重新审视“赛先生”与五四新文学的隐秘关系——评唐东堰《科学与中国现代文学的发生》

“德先生”与“赛先生”是五四新文学的两大口号,后者在《新青年》杂志上出现的次数远超前者,然而后者的研究成果却远不及前者丰硕。《科学与中国现代文学的发生》聚焦于“赛先生”与五四新文学的关系,回到历史语境,细致考察科学因素影响下五四新文学的独特面貌;审视文学现场,深刻剖析科学带给五四新文学的负面影响;立足文本证据,全面梳理科学赋予五四新文学的传统底色与现代化特质。该著以史学眼光审视文学进程,既回溯历史现场,又追寻当下文学发展的方向,拨开重重迷雾,深入挖掘了“赛先生”与五四新文学之间的隐秘关系。

中国后现代语境下的文化尴尬——中国后现代文化的发生学考察

后现代主义是在批判和反省西方社会、哲学、科技和理性中形成的文化思潮,后现代语境下的中国文化的症候表现为:哲学反对真理符合论;文学正疏离主流,走向破碎和边缘;文化呈现商品化、世俗化、消费化。本文以人文科学发生学为理论依据,对比探究中西方后现代主义产生的社会历史背景的巨大差异,西方的后现代也有其合理性与失误,而中国特殊历史环境下后现代的发生是近乎荒诞的。

知识经济时代的科学学

知识经济时代的科学学郭强（中央党校科社部）李军（北京市委研究室）知识经济是以知识为基础的经济，而这里的“知识”是以科学为基础的知识。与知识经济关系最密切的学科一是经济学，一是科学学。科学学是研究科学知识生产、传播与应用的学科；知识经济是知识越来越大规...

Advancement of Structural Botany in the Past Fifty Years in China

Structural botany, being derived from plant anatomy, has been considered as an important branch of botany, both in concept and practice. In this paper, a review concerning the evolutionary trends of development from plant developmental anatomy to plant developmental biology, plant comparative anatomy to plant systematic biology and plant ecological anatomy to plant environmental biology during the past 50 years in China is addressed and their potential development and usefulness in the near future were largely discussed.

Lessons learned from the past serving as a guide for the future---On a state harmonious development from Naipaurs novel A bend in the river

Naipaul＇s novel A bend in the river illustrates the social confusion and people＇s destitution and wasting time in African countries after their national independence. An important reason is the president＇s self-publicity, tyrannical hess and destructiveness. Whereas the author＇s subjective suspicion is visible in democratic development of African countries. Indeed, in a country development, it is quite necessary to depend on its citizen, observing public feelings; controlling a state with science; benefiting citizen; utilizing resources; constructing homestead, intending creation with a harmonious and stable way.

Research from global Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)to sustainability science based on the object-subject-process framework

Since United Nations adopted the global Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs) for the next15 years(2016-2030), sustainable development will further become a core concept and main principle to guide global and national economic and social development. According to this background, strengthening the integrative research on the theories and methodologies of sustainable development has been a strategically important mission. This article provided an analytic framework for sustainability science, named the object-subject-process(OSP) framework for examining the key issues encountered during the theoretical research and policy analysis. This study emphasized that, on the object dimension, sustainable development means to seek for economic and social development within biophysical limits of the earth and the relationship of environment, society, and economy should be containing and complementary rather than parallel and substitute; on the process dimension, sustainable development should adopt both the responsive and proactive strategies for the whole process management which employing pressure-state-response(PRS) model rather than dealing with one part of them; on the subject dimension, sustainable development research should involve the key stakeholders who are kind of collaborate governance rather than separate each other. From the perspective of sustainability science, green economy was utilized as a case study to explore the issues of object, process and subject and also the significance of green economy was discussed in this study.

Current advances in solid free-form techniques for osteochondral tissue engineering

Osteochondral （OC） lesions are characterized by defects in two different zones, the cartilage region and subchondral bone region. These lesions are frequently associated with mechanical instability, as well as osteoarthritic degenerative changes in the knee. The lack of spontaneous healing and the drawbacks of the current treatments have increased the attention from the scientific community to this issue. Different tissue engineering approaches have been attempted using different polymers and different scaffolds＇ processing. However, the current conventional techniques do not allow the full control over scaffold fabrication, and in this type of approaches, the tuning ability is the key to success in tissue regeneration. In this sense, the researchers have placed their efforts in the development of solid free-form （SFF） techniques. These techniques allow tuning different properties at the micro-macro scale, creating scaffolds with appropriate features for OC tissue engineering. In this review, it is discussed the current SFF techniques used in OC tissue engineering and presented their promising results and current challenges.

ALK5 transfection of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells to repair osteoarthritis of knee joint

Previous studies have suggested that the transforming growth factor-β receptor ALK5 is crucial for articular chondrogenesis by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Here, the wild-type ALK5 plasmids were mutated by overlapping extended PCR and transfected into bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. The knee joint osteoarthritis mouse model was constructed by cutting oft＂ the anterior cruciate ligament and divided into three groups： saline group, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and ALK5-transfected bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells group. HE staining showed that the articular cartilage lesions were more serious of saline group compared with that of mesenchymal stem cell group, and this trend was more pronounced as time goes on. Immunohistochemical staining showed that although the expression level of type II collagen in all three groups down-regulated gradually upon time, its expression in ALK5-transfected bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells group was significantly enhanced compared with the other two groups. Micro-CT also suggested that ALK5 transfection of mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells would promote repairing the knee cartilage lesions with arthritis of the mice. Although the osteoarthritis mechanism underlying a variety of factors work together, and the appropriate proportion of ALKS/ALK1 was also emphasized for the treatment of osteoarthritis. This work therefore demonstrated that ALK5 transfection of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells could be a promising stem cell therapy for repair of cartilage lesions.

Median sternotomy closure:review and update research

Cardiac surgery is a very common operation nowadays all over the world.Median sternotomy is a routine procedure required for cardiac access during open heart surgery.The complications of this procedure after the cardiac surgery range from 0.7% to 1.5% of all cases,and bear a high mortality rate if they occur.Every individual surgeon must pay great attention on every detail during the sternal closure.This article shows the details as to conventional information and updated progress on median sternotomy closure.The update contents involve in biomechanics,number of wires twists,biomaterial and so on.According to our experience,we recommend four peristernal single/double steel wires for sternal closure as our optimal choice.

The Development and Influence of RCPS Instructions to Promote Students＇ Scientific Learning Motivation and Scientific Concept Learning

This research aims at developing RCPS （revised creative problem solving） teaching model, besides the authors designed the instructions of chemical reaction to promote eight grade students＇ scientific learning motivation and scientific concept learning. We adopted quasi-experiment study, the experimental group and controlled group all 28 students were chose, go on the parameter is analyzed together compared with textbook instructions, scale of scientific learning motivation and test of scientific conception learning were used for the two groups in prior test and post test, then they used statistical ANCOVA （analysis of covariance） to analyze the differences between the two teaching models. The result of this study finds that RCPS teaching model improved student＇s scientific learning motivation and learning scientific concept was superior to textbook instructions in controlled group, p = 0.001 （〈 0.01）, and all with high experimental treatment effects （〉 0.14）. The study also proposes that when RCPS teaching model was applied to scientific concept teaching, RCPS teaching model should be joined the conception introducing stage, and pay attention to students＇ scientific learning motivation.

Maintain Vigilance at “Three Forgottens” in Higher Education

Institutions of higher learning occupy an important position in the development of the society and also play a vital role. In China, the institutions of higher learning have played a due role around talent training, scientific research and social service in the process of higher education, but the number of trained talents is only focused in talent training and the moral ability training is neglected. In scientific research, the number of research projects and achievements is only pursued and the ＂profound learning＂ is forgotten to pursue; institutions of higher learning excessively participate in social life and social services, but forget to abide by the limited principle to participate in social service, etc. All these problems are worthy of attention.

On Several Reflection Factors during the Interior Design of Green Residence

Nowadays, with the rapid development of the society and economy, the living standards of people increase rapidly. People are gradually pursuing green and environmental living concepts rather than the extensive type living modes. Due to the increase of people＇ s cognition of scientific development concept as well as the gradually increasing demands on residential interior design, the concept of green residence comes into people＇ s mind. As the development tendency of future interior design, green residence can be environmental-friendly and increase the greenery and comfort to the house, thus being more and more welcomed in the home market. This paper analyzes and explores some questions concerned during the green residential interior design by starting from the concept of green residential interior design.

People-oriented values on Ideological and Political Education Research

＂People-oriented＂ is the core of the scientific concept of development, it is to carry out and implement the scientific concept of development which is reflected in the field of education, ideological and political education is to improve the effectiveness of a powerful guarantee. In this paper, in-depth analysis and in view of the meaning of ideological and political education of people text, we combine with the particularity of the ideological and political education, and propose practical measures to promote the stable development of the ideological and political education.

The Impact of Life Sciences Developments on the UK Urban Environment

Life sciences urban developments are a relatively recent phenomenon, and follow the emergence of knowledge based urban developments as a potential driver of urban regeneration and local economic growth. The role of these new centres in transforming the inner cities of some of the UK＇s larger conurbations is examined and the key planning issues are discussed. The article concludes that the key principles of urban planning and control must still apply in shaping the role these new developments have in the UK＇s evolving urban landscape.

Letter from Editors-in-Chief

Engineering comes to you at last. As the Editors-in-Chief of En- gineering, first of all, we wish to thank all the scholars at home and abroad for their eager responses and full support, and all those who have provided encouragement and contributions toward the emergence of this journal. Looking back over the history of human civilization, hu- man survival is closely related to the development of social productive forces, which come from engineering science and technology （EST）. Along with today＇s rapid economic and social development, we face common threats from global problems such as food safety, resource shortages, energy cri- ses, environmental pollution, climate change, network attacks, population expansion, poverty, the prevalence of disease, and economic crises. Therefore, EST research that addresses these major issues of economic development appears to be par- ticularly important. At present, a new scientific and technical revolution, including wide spread industrial transformation, is flowing together with new developments in human society. Historically, we know that progress and innovation in EST is a crucial engine for promotin~ progress in human society.

For a Healthier and Wealthier Developing World

Offering lectures'both on science frontier and practical skills;a fraining course on food biotechnology-specially tailored for developing countries showed how biotechnology can upgrade ancient approaches to food production,.like fermentation.

Mentoring as an Interaction System, Providing Teachers＇ Readiness to Integrate Into the School Environment

The sustainable development of today＇s society can be promoted by providing the educational sustainability. The education of prospective teachers should be based on ecological approach, which ensures the ecological perspective and an opportunity for students to develop their readiness to integrate into the school environment. The main aim of the author＇s research is to substantiate mentoring as an interaction system for the facilitation of the prospective teachers＇ readiness to integrate into the school environment. The author of this paper offers the results of her theoretical research： substantiation of mentoring＇s importance in teachers＇ education, substantiation of mentors＇ roles and functions, and substantiation of ecological approach in teachers＇ education. Ecological approach in teachers＇ education facilitates the formation of friendly attitude toward a school as an educational environment. Mentoring provides the prospective teachers＇ readiness to the professional activity and ability to successful integration in various types of school environment, considering their specificity. The author applied the following research methods： experience reflection, studying, analysing, and evaluating of scientific literature.

News in Brief

Xi Congratulates Scientists on Expedition to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Chinese President Xi Jinping sent a congratulatory letter to a research team on the second scientific expedition to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau on Aug.19.Xi expressed his congratulations and greetings to scientists,young students and support staff who joined the country’s second comprehensive scientific expedition to the plateau.He noted that the expedition will promote the plateau’s sustainable development and the world’s ecological environmental protection.