以"Web of Science"数据库为基本数据来源,绘制了"ISIHighlyCited.com"数据库中我国45位高被引科学家的科学覆盖地图,并从科学计量学视角,比较分析了大陆、香港、台湾3个地区科学覆盖地图的特征。结果表明:我国在...以"Web of Science"数据库为基本数据来源,绘制了"ISIHighlyCited.com"数据库中我国45位高被引科学家的科学覆盖地图,并从科学计量学视角,比较分析了大陆、香港、台湾3个地区科学覆盖地图的特征。结果表明:我国在材料科学圈具有相对明显的科研优势,在生物医学科学圈形成了一定的研究规模,但在人文和社会科学研究领域比较薄弱。其中,大陆地区科研优势集中在材料科学、化学和物理学3个领域;香港地区科研优势集中在计算机科学、化学、材料科学、工程科学、生物医学科学等领域;台湾地区科研优势集中在材料科学、计算机科学、化学、物理学、生物医学科学、传染病学等领域。清晰刻画高被引科学家科学覆盖地图特征,对我国以科研国际化带动人才培养国际化的改革具有一定的参考价值。展开更多
由于纵观科学结构的所谓“科学之科学”（Science of Science）正转向“科学政策之科学”（Science of Policy）的新方向，为此可以认为，纵观科学结构的科学地图（science map）将移向科学结构中包含的纵览政策的政策地图（policy map...由于纵观科学结构的所谓“科学之科学”（Science of Science）正转向“科学政策之科学”（Science of Policy）的新方向，为此可以认为，纵观科学结构的科学地图（science map）将移向科学结构中包含的纵览政策的政策地图（policy map）方向。在此背景下，基于科学根据（evidence）的政策制定可以确保其透明性。文章通过应用日本科学技术振兴机构（简称JST）构建的专利和论文整合检索系统（PATLISYS—J），介绍世界科学结构的可视化，以及将任意研究者详细分析等进行可视化的方法。展开更多
Similarity relation is one of the spatial relations in the community of geographic information science and cartography.It is widely used in the retrieval of spatial databases, the recognition of spatial objects from i...Similarity relation is one of the spatial relations in the community of geographic information science and cartography.It is widely used in the retrieval of spatial databases, the recognition of spatial objects from images, and the description of spatial features on maps.However, little achievements have been made for it by far.In this paper, spatial similarity relation was put forward with the introduction of automated map generalization in the construction of multi-scale map databases;then the definition of spatial similarity relations was presented based on set theory, the concept of spatial similarity degree was given, and the characteristics of spatial similarity were discussed in detail, in-cluding reflexivity, symmetry, non-transitivity, self-similarity in multi-scale spaces, and scale-dependence.Finally a classification system for spatial similarity relations in multi-scale map spaces was addressed.This research may be useful to automated map generalization, spatial similarity retrieval and spatial reasoning.展开更多
In Bachelard＇s thought, the understanding ＂of the other＂ in scientific thought is given usually by means of empirical or rational discourse. However, it is not unusual to realize the emphasis of scientific thought ...In Bachelard＇s thought, the understanding ＂of the other＂ in scientific thought is given usually by means of empirical or rational discourse. However, it is not unusual to realize the emphasis of scientific thought as rationally justifiable. Certainly, the dynamics of scientific thought throughout history has not been indifferent to other possibilities of epistemological construction. We cannot escape the facts： Science needs linguistic devices to strengthen its principles and criteria for validation. The aim of this paper is to answer, based on a new conception of metaphor, under what conditions metaphor can be a ＂physical metaphor＂ and the extent to which the symbolism in general brings a special light gain of sense to the understanding of physical reality that surrounds us.展开更多
According to scientific evidence in general, the disappearance of the Tatras tarns as a result of external geomorphological processes has been accepted since the long term analyses of lake sediments and peat bogs, geo...According to scientific evidence in general, the disappearance of the Tatras tarns as a result of external geomorphological processes has been accepted since the long term analyses of lake sediments and peat bogs, geomorphological mapping, geophysical measurements(– all indirect methods). It is paradoxical that the direct cartographic evidence of such changes has not existed until now. In this paper, we evaluate shore line changes of the small mountain glacial lake in the High Tatras-Litworowy Staw lake using a multitemporal analysis of a series of historical orthophotomaps and a historical map. Over the last 100 years, the tarn has lost 46.4% of open water level area. Significant visual changes were caused by vegetation growth of Carex species(sedges) on the water's surface. The accumulation of fine sediments and dead plant residues in the tarn basin create suitable conditions for this process, all together causing the tarn to become more shallow.展开更多
Despite their key role as model organisms in many behavioral studies, crustacean decapods have been only slightly touched upon by the recent surge of scientific interest in animal personality. Only seven articles inve...Despite their key role as model organisms in many behavioral studies, crustacean decapods have been only slightly touched upon by the recent surge of scientific interest in animal personality. Only seven articles investigated the issue in a handful of species among hermit crabs, crabs, and crayfish. Obviously, a limited number of publications does not mean that personality is rare in decapods. On the contrary, few studies might be the result of a form of reluctance by behavioral ecologists to deal with such a phenomenon in these and other invertebrates. This reluctance contrasts with the enthusiasm shown in tackling the beha- vioral plasticity issue. Here we discuss the possible theoretical and methodological difficulties raised by applying the animal per-sonality perspective to decapods and analyze implications of personality studies for their ecology, conservation, and welfare. By highlighting gaps in knowledge and directions of future research, our intention is to increase scientific emphasis on the issue.展开更多
Current global urbanisation processes are leading to new forms of massive urban constellations. The conceptualisations and classifications of these, however, are often ambiguous, overlap or lag behind in scientific li...Current global urbanisation processes are leading to new forms of massive urban constellations. The conceptualisations and classifications of these, however, are often ambiguous, overlap or lag behind in scientific literature. This article examines whether there is a common denominator to define and delimitate–and ultimately map–these new dimensions of cityscapes. In an extensive literature review we analysed and juxtaposed some of the most common concepts such as megacity, megaregion or megalopolis. We observed that many concepts are abstract or unspecific, and for those concepts for which physical parameters exist, the parameters are neither properly defined nor used in standardised ways. While understandably concepts originate from various disciplines, the authors identify a need for more precise definition and use of parameters. We conclude that often, spatial patterns of large urban areas resemble each other considerably but the definitions vary so widely that these differences may surpass any inconsistencies in the spatial delimitation process. In other words, today we have tools such as earth observation data and Geographic Information Systems to parameterise if clear definitions are provided. This appears not to be the case. The limiting factor when delineating large urban areas seems to be a commonly agreed ontology.展开更多
文摘以"Web of Science"数据库为基本数据来源,绘制了"ISIHighlyCited.com"数据库中我国45位高被引科学家的科学覆盖地图,并从科学计量学视角,比较分析了大陆、香港、台湾3个地区科学覆盖地图的特征。结果表明:我国在材料科学圈具有相对明显的科研优势,在生物医学科学圈形成了一定的研究规模,但在人文和社会科学研究领域比较薄弱。其中,大陆地区科研优势集中在材料科学、化学和物理学3个领域;香港地区科研优势集中在计算机科学、化学、材料科学、工程科学、生物医学科学等领域;台湾地区科研优势集中在材料科学、计算机科学、化学、物理学、生物医学科学、传染病学等领域。清晰刻画高被引科学家科学覆盖地图特征,对我国以科研国际化带动人才培养国际化的改革具有一定的参考价值。
文摘由于纵观科学结构的所谓“科学之科学”（Science of Science）正转向“科学政策之科学”（Science of Policy）的新方向，为此可以认为，纵观科学结构的科学地图（science map）将移向科学结构中包含的纵览政策的政策地图（policy map）方向。在此背景下，基于科学根据（evidence）的政策制定可以确保其透明性。文章通过应用日本科学技术振兴机构（简称JST）构建的专利和论文整合检索系统（PATLISYS—J），介绍世界科学结构的可视化，以及将任意研究者详细分析等进行可视化的方法。
文摘Similarity relation is one of the spatial relations in the community of geographic information science and cartography.It is widely used in the retrieval of spatial databases, the recognition of spatial objects from images, and the description of spatial features on maps.However, little achievements have been made for it by far.In this paper, spatial similarity relation was put forward with the introduction of automated map generalization in the construction of multi-scale map databases;then the definition of spatial similarity relations was presented based on set theory, the concept of spatial similarity degree was given, and the characteristics of spatial similarity were discussed in detail, in-cluding reflexivity, symmetry, non-transitivity, self-similarity in multi-scale spaces, and scale-dependence.Finally a classification system for spatial similarity relations in multi-scale map spaces was addressed.This research may be useful to automated map generalization, spatial similarity retrieval and spatial reasoning.
文摘In Bachelard＇s thought, the understanding ＂of the other＂ in scientific thought is given usually by means of empirical or rational discourse. However, it is not unusual to realize the emphasis of scientific thought as rationally justifiable. Certainly, the dynamics of scientific thought throughout history has not been indifferent to other possibilities of epistemological construction. We cannot escape the facts： Science needs linguistic devices to strengthen its principles and criteria for validation. The aim of this paper is to answer, based on a new conception of metaphor, under what conditions metaphor can be a ＂physical metaphor＂ and the extent to which the symbolism in general brings a special light gain of sense to the understanding of physical reality that surrounds us.
基金produced under the scientific project VEGA 1/0207/17–Development and changes of mountain landscape of the Tatrasthe tarn,and to what extent the anthropogenic factors and climate change make them conditional
文摘According to scientific evidence in general, the disappearance of the Tatras tarns as a result of external geomorphological processes has been accepted since the long term analyses of lake sediments and peat bogs, geomorphological mapping, geophysical measurements(– all indirect methods). It is paradoxical that the direct cartographic evidence of such changes has not existed until now. In this paper, we evaluate shore line changes of the small mountain glacial lake in the High Tatras-Litworowy Staw lake using a multitemporal analysis of a series of historical orthophotomaps and a historical map. Over the last 100 years, the tarn has lost 46.4% of open water level area. Significant visual changes were caused by vegetation growth of Carex species(sedges) on the water's surface. The accumulation of fine sediments and dead plant residues in the tarn basin create suitable conditions for this process, all together causing the tarn to become more shallow.
文摘Despite their key role as model organisms in many behavioral studies, crustacean decapods have been only slightly touched upon by the recent surge of scientific interest in animal personality. Only seven articles investigated the issue in a handful of species among hermit crabs, crabs, and crayfish. Obviously, a limited number of publications does not mean that personality is rare in decapods. On the contrary, few studies might be the result of a form of reluctance by behavioral ecologists to deal with such a phenomenon in these and other invertebrates. This reluctance contrasts with the enthusiasm shown in tackling the beha- vioral plasticity issue. Here we discuss the possible theoretical and methodological difficulties raised by applying the animal per-sonality perspective to decapods and analyze implications of personality studies for their ecology, conservation, and welfare. By highlighting gaps in knowledge and directions of future research, our intention is to increase scientific emphasis on the issue.
文摘Current global urbanisation processes are leading to new forms of massive urban constellations. The conceptualisations and classifications of these, however, are often ambiguous, overlap or lag behind in scientific literature. This article examines whether there is a common denominator to define and delimitate–and ultimately map–these new dimensions of cityscapes. In an extensive literature review we analysed and juxtaposed some of the most common concepts such as megacity, megaregion or megalopolis. We observed that many concepts are abstract or unspecific, and for those concepts for which physical parameters exist, the parameters are neither properly defined nor used in standardised ways. While understandably concepts originate from various disciplines, the authors identify a need for more precise definition and use of parameters. We conclude that often, spatial patterns of large urban areas resemble each other considerably but the definitions vary so widely that these differences may surpass any inconsistencies in the spatial delimitation process. In other words, today we have tools such as earth observation data and Geographic Information Systems to parameterise if clear definitions are provided. This appears not to be the case. The limiting factor when delineating large urban areas seems to be a commonly agreed ontology.
