Thought Provokers, Insurgent Before Emergency --Technological Art as Awareness-Raising Agent of the Emancipated Spectator

This paper analyzes the impact of technological art as an agent for raising awareness in artwork spectators of ecological-environmental issues. It addresses the evolution in the conception of the artistic fact related to science, and attempts to define the spectator＇s new role. The present document will look into the science, an and technology triad as a means to communicate issues our planet is facing through scientific dissemination focusing on the bio-art avenue for collaboration. Finally, we will outline our concept of an as a revolutionary and thoughtful form poured through our works as artistic collective expressions.

The SPSS-Based Analysis of an English Mid-term Test ——Take Grade Eight Students for Example

Based on some language testing theories, an analysis of an English Mid-term Examination of grade eight students of Jingzhi Middle School is made in this paper. By means of SPSS （Statistical Package for the Social Sciences） statistical software, the paper makes a whole analysis of the test paper, which covers descriptive statistics, reliability, and validity. The study aims to find some problems of the test paper, teachers＇ teaching, and students＇ learning. Thus, based on the results of analysis, this paper aims to improve the quality of test papers and give some advice to language teaching

Rationality of escalating commitment in information systems project management： An inter-disciplinary perspective

Escalation of commitment has been linked to losses in information systems （IS） projects. Understanding the nature and the rationality of escalation allows the firm to promote optimal project management practices. This study takes an inter-disciplinary approach and draws on research from economics and management to create a model of irrational escalation and a model of rational escalation. The forces that contribute to irrational escalation include the responsibility of the same manager for both the project selection and project continuation decisions that create proneness to self-justification, the potential for negative framing of decision options due to large sunk costs, the proximity of project completion and the presence of organizational inertia. Identifying these irrational escalation factors helps design appropriate de-escalation techniques. The rational escalation model draws on the real option theory and the bandit process theory to identify conditions when project continuation is justified by the value of information and the value of flexibility that the firm receives from continuing the project.

Beyond Logic of Discovery and Paradigmatic Consensus： A Reanalysis of the Popper-Kuhn Debate in the Philosophy of Science

There is no patina of doubt that the central philosophical theories of Karl Popper and Thomas Kuhn concerning the nature, substance and method for acquiring scientific knowledge constitute milestones in 20th century philosophy of science. Just as Popper＇s fundamental work on the subject, The Logic of Scientific Discovery, marked a decisive break with inductivist epistemologies, Kuhn＇s magnum opus, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions （1962, enlarged ed. 1970）, inaugurated the coming of age of the historical turn in the philosophy of science. Some scholars seem to consider the main doctrines of both philosophers as irreconcilables or contradictories. This explains why, for example Popper and Popperians such as Imre Lakatos and John Watkins describe themselves as ＂critical rationalists＂, whereas they refer to Kuhn as an ＂irrationalist＂ or ＂relativist＂-appellations that the latter has consistently rejected. The debate between Popper and Kuhn, especially as contained in an important work, Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge （1970）, highlights some of the knotty problems connected with philosophical appraisals of science. It also demonstrates the strengths and weaknesses of logistic approaches in the philosophy of science, on the one hand, and of historically informed socio-psychological analysis of science, on the other. In this paper, we reexamine the Popper-Kuhn controversy from an experimentalist perspective. In other words, we argue that the ideas of testing and normal science can be systematically accommodated by fine-structure dissection of empirical research through which scientists learn about the world, based on the assumption that the progress of science is the growth of experimental knowledge-a fact often neglected in theory-dominated philosophies of science. Taking discovery of the cosmic background radiation by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson as example, the paper argues that important scientific discoveries have been accomplished even in the absence of theory in any obvious sense, a situation that conflicts with the theory-dominated models of Popper and Kuhn. Thus, it offers an account of how practicing scientists learn from research to control errors and avoid blind alleys. The paper affirms, in conclusion, that going beyond the theories of Popper and Kuhn requires that philosophers of science should take what scientists learn from experiments seriously when theorising about science, by taking into account normal testing or error detection and control strategies through which scientific knowledge is acquired and extended

把握世界四种基本方式的自觉整合与人的全面发展

人类社会发展进步的动力来源于理论创新与现实创造的相互影响和相互促进,而人们又总是通过常识、科学、宗教、哲学等把握世界的基本方式参与并改变上述历史进程,因而考察这些方式作用机制之异同,进而沉淀出能够引领社会良性前行的方式自觉,无疑是一项重要课题。常识以"共同经验"作为"中介",容易导致非此即彼的形而上学思维方式;宗教以"启示"的方式预设一个超验的神的存在来理解和把握世界,也仅仅停留在"鸦片"的功用层面来化解和消弭现实中的各种矛盾;科学提供了生产力发展和人类感官幸福的前提,也彰显了人类理性,但其研究对象局限于经验—现象世界及其中的必然规律,并不能直接解决信仰、道德等人类价值世界中的问题;哲学通过理性考量来化解宗教、常识遭遇到的困境以及科学不能达及的领域,试图为人类的道德领域寻找根据,为人类社会历史的健康发展和人的全面发展指明方向。

Urban Green Space, Uneven Development and Accessibility: A Case of Dalian′s Xigang District

This study examines the socio-spatial context of uneven development and the residential accessibility of green space in Dalian of Liaoning Province, China. The social fairness was analyzed with a community scale as the basis. We combined social scientific methods with a GIS method using a behavior accessibility model from the perspectives of fairness of urban green space allocation based on social geography, geographic information science, management science and many other related discipline theories. The results show that: 1) Most of the urban green space distribution presents an unbalanced phenomenon, and it does not match with the population distribution; 2) We found some differences in the accessibility of the population with different attributes and opportunities to use and enjoy the urban green spaces, mainly due to: the dual social and spatial attributes of the residents and the serious stratum differentiation generated were the internal causes; the residential space differentiation and the pursuit of economic and real estate development were the direct causes; and unreasonable planning, in regard to the fact that government policies did not give consideration to efficiency and fairness, was also an important factor.

Kant, Fichte, and the Act of the I

Fichte＇s various articulations of the Wissenschaftslehre （＂theory of scientific knowledge＂） are self-conscious attempts to systematize Kant＇s critical philosophy. Fichte＇s notion of the pure I （ieh） serves as the theoretical starting-point for his exposition of transcendental idealism, and in many ways this concept is analogous to Kant＇s notion of the transcendental unity of apperception explained in the Critique of Pure Reason. This paper argues that although Fichte and Kant agree on （1） the active nature of the pure I, （2） the distinction between pure and empirical apperception, and （3） skepticism concerning the possibility of theoretical knowledge of any positive （i.e., noumenal） content of the pure I, their respective notions of pure apperception differ in that Kant affirms the conceptual priority of the pure I to its objects while Fichte denies the same. Fichte＇s departure from Kant on this point foreshadows many later recognition theories of consciousness, e.g., those of Hegel and Marx.

The ＂Metaphysical Physician＂ in Victorian Fiction： The Moonstone and A Romance of Two Worlds

The Victorian period experienced, among many other paradoxes, an ongoing tension between science and spirituality. Bearing the legacy of the ＂Enlightenment Rationalism＂ and the Cartesian division between ＂matter＂ and ＂mind＂ since the eighteenth century, the Victorian minds had to deal with a contemporary world rapidly unfolding new discoveries in geology, astronomy, biology, and medical sciences. However, these could not completely erase the spiritual belief from the human mind. Rather they sought to reshape their codes in terms of ＂alternative sciences＂ like occultism and metaphysical psychiatry （pre-Freudian）. This paper seeks to explore the characterisation of the ＂metaphysical＂ physician in two novels by Wilkie Collins and Marie Corelli, showing how these figures play a crucial role in negotiating the tensions between science and spiritualism.

Irrationality in Scientific Development？

The paper discusses several wide-spread misunderstandings of Kuhn＇s theory of scientific development, most prominently the ascription that he conceives of scientific development as irrational. The core of this ascription is an assessment of incommensurability as implying the lack of any rational possibility of theory comparison. This is supposed to be due to Gestalt switches and a quasi-religious element of conversion in theory change. Accordingly, scientific revolutions cannot be a serious matter for philosophical analysis; they furthermore foreclose any scientific progress. It is shown that such images of Kuhn＇s theory rest on deep misunderstandings that are partly due to Kuhn＇s writing style.

Synergetics as a Positivistic ＂Trick＂ for Philosophy

This paper substantiates the idea that particular science reflects only a certain angle of a complex model of the world. Guidance as to ＂adding＂ particular science data in order to achieve a holistic picture of the world is a philosophical outlook. The meaning of each relatively closed system is revealed only in the context of a more capacious system. According to the author, as the material world itself, its epistemic models as well are built according to the principle of ＂matryoshka dolls.＂ The rational and irrational are discussed in the paper as equal moments of scientific knowledge. Contrary to the importance given to randomness in synergy, the author considers if it is possible to find out the causes of all events. In order to do this, other viewpoints and structure levels should be considered. There is a hidden order in every chaos, and that is revealed only in a certain situation. The main issue is taking into account the counter action of the system with the environment.

Discussion about the Bachelor Thesis of Japanese Major in University

Currently, Bachelor thesis of Japanese major＇s main problems is related to the topics of the irrational, writing both impetuous attitude, which led to poor quality of the article, is worrying. There are many causes of the problem, and you can relax from the writing language requirements, the timing of mentor, and guiding additional academic writing courses in a bid to solve them.

The Parable of the Chicken House： Charles S. Peirce, Complex/Dynamic Systems, and Environmental Science

This paper describes how scientist-philosopher Charles S. Peirce （1839-1914） develops theories that lead eventually to contemporary complex/dynamic systems. In both Peirce and complexity theory, possible bridges appear between analogical/reductionist representations and metaphorical/creative symbols. In complex/dynamic terms, Peirce＇s scientific theories become a conceptual egg that hatches a century later in complex systems, which is relevant in turn to environmental science and engineering.

Experience, Culture, Science, and Reasoned Knowledge Produce the Philosophy of Natural Foresight, with Professor Paul Ricoeur＇s Generous Heritage

Presentation of ＂development of methods of foresight＂ while presenting texts of examples and concrete results： （1） Christianity （appropriately） will not now disappear overnight since it has been around for more than 2017 years! Its built-up ＂Ways＂ are precedents and subsequents to Western models of existence, chosen, among multiple alternatives, by predecessors whose influence, is shared, today and tomorrow! （2） Use of sustained faith and search for peace for continuous steady and slow evolution （in spite of difficulties） toward the inevitable future--initial belief in Christianity presenting the least worst of existing conditions for human freedom and movement. （3） Let the unwilling remain in the last wagon of the moving train from where they will （without a doubt） regret not moving onwards, but yet happily benefit from progress （such are ＂trust-busters,＂ leaving the initiatives to the ＂clearsighted＂ actors of progress）. Note that Time moves on nonetheless. （4） Use of the past （genealogy, track record, and estimation of dates of future evolutions） for its recorded evolutions in time as ＂launching parameters＂ （ex. curves...） and for projected advancements in open-ended time, using of historical proofs with world-wide testimony, witness and belie! This would help not only in ＂down-to-earth＂ reasoning but also in ＂above and beyond＂ anticipation, further down Time＇s road! Use date and timing references of the past--further historical example and proofs to be extended to the society＇s extension in the Western World and as a founding basis from which extension throughout the World could be justified （ex. starting with Europe, and without unique or limiting dogmatism）. （5） Use of cordiality and diplomacy to ease difficulties of understanding, in spite of hesitation to proceed--＂humiliations＂ of conditions （if necessary）--as the leading ＂team＂ has an agreed objective, and these ＂volonteer followers,＂ so they would be, are trapped strangled by their own leashes. （6） Opening one＇s generous arms （even if politically motivated） to fraternal and willing brethren, for endulging welcoming attitudes toward the others. This would prepare the road for others in their own progress （toward their progressive） destiny. （7） Open-up multi-culturalism as opposed to the quest for mono-cultural sovereignty! Europe would then evermore be consolidated! （8） Indeed nothing looks like an individual more than another individual! Especially, in need! And it is in needs that appears the essence of humankind!

Introducing Sustainability Concepts Into University Curricula Through Systems Thinking

The aim of this paper is to explore the major issues involved in introducing sustainability concepts into university curricula in an interdisciplinary manner, through Systems Thinking. It is generally accepted that a holistic approach is essential in sustainability studies, but teaching such a new and complex topic to a diverse student population is by no means easy. In this study, sustainability is viewed in the context of Systems Thinking, particularly in Complexity Management domain. A general framework is proposed with the intension of guiding potential instructors who are planning to teach sustainability through Systems Thinking. The framework includes only the suggested systems-oriented material and a review of some system methodologies; it does not cover sustainability issues. Methodologies known as System Dynamics and Soft Cybernetics are explored and emphasized particularly in the paper due to their importance. The framework is kept general enough so that it appeals to students and instructors with a variety of background.

BP＇ s Performance Management System Optimization Design

Performance management as the core part of modem human resources management, is to ensure that the employee＇s work and the organization＇s strategic objectives to maintain consistent process. Performance management by setting a scientific and rational organizational goals, departmental goals and individual goals for employees specified in the direction Managers to discover the work of subordinates through performance coaching communication problems exist, to provide guidance and resources to support the necessary work to subordinates, subordinates bv improving, work attitude and workin~ melhnd~ tn en^Hre~ tho renl^v~fltan nfn^r~＂ I-,;~.~;

Asouzu＇s Critique of Philosophy of Essence and Its Implication for the Growth of Science

The balkanization of reality by Aristotelian Philosophy has been a thought provoking exercise in the history of Western Philosophy. Aristotle＇s idea as conceptualized by Asouzu as Philosophy of Essence has been the central instrument for bifurcation and polarization of all entities into classes, such as： Essence and Accident, Matter and Form, Cause and Effect, Rationalism and Empiricism etc. This dualistic ontology be believes has eaten deeply into the mind of Western scholars to perceive science dualistically. In view of the above, the disagreement with Aristotle＇s compartmentalization of reality from Ibuanyidanda Philosophy （Philosophy of Complementarity） by Asouzu is an attempt to restructure scientific dualistic ontology into one unified, non-polarized, non-absolutistic, harmonious framework capable of fascinating unity in science. Hence, the subject matter of Ibuanyidanda Philosophy is to restore the broken unity between theory and praxis that exists in science because everything that exists serves a missing link of reality. The aim of this paper is to critically examine from the philosophical eye, the various critique by Asouzu on this thought provoking polarization of reality in Aristotle＇s Philosophy of Essence. We are of the view that Aristotle had to balkanize reality to solve the various problems of his era. Thus, if applied to contemporary scientific issues, it will lead us to no unity and growth in science. Furthermore, from Ibuanyidanda＇s perspective, we are of the view that its nature of harmonious non-polarized ontology is a breakthrough to contemporary scientific issues especially the debate within macro physics, theory of relativity, and sub-atomic particles physics （Quantum Mechanics）.

Complexity Decision Making and General Systems Theory： An Educational Perspective

The aim of this paper is to look at some important educational aspects of complexity decision making m a mummsc^pnnary manner from the perspective of General Systems Theory （GST）. First, the major issues involved in complexity management and decision making are summarized as they are viewed in literature, and a review of GST and Systems Thinking is given. The discussion in the paper is developed within the context of GST in general, but concentrated on decision making in the three trends of GST： Operations Research, Cybernetics, and Managerial Cybernetics. Here, the role of Cybernetics in complexity decision making is particularly emphasized. The discussion is then extended to the latest developments in complexity decision making in Science of Complexity and Soft Systems Thinking. The study also includes a framework which is expected to guide instructors who are planning to offer contemporary courses on decision making. The framework provides some clues for assessing the level of complexity for a given situation and selecting the appropriate methodology for solution development.

Underdetermination, Multiplicity, and Mathematical Logic

Whether a collection of scientific data can be explained only by a unique theory or whether such data can be equally explained by multiple theories is one of the more contested issues in the history and philosophy of science. This paper argues that the case for multiple explanations is strengthened by the widespread failure of models in mathematical logic to be unique, i.e., categorical. Science is taken to require replicable and explicit public knowledge; this necessitates an unambiguous language for its transmission. Mathematics has been chosen as the vehicle to transmit scientific knowledge, both because of its ＂unreasonable effectiveness＂ and because of its unambiguous nature, hence the vogue of axiomatic systems. But mathematical logic tells us that axiomatic systems need not refer to uniquely defined real structures. Hence what is accepted as science may be only one of several possibilities.

Explore the intrinsic link between the ideological and political education and the mental health education

College students＇ ideological and political education and psychological health education have established contact and differences. In the actual work, Mental Health Education must play a role in Ideological and Political Education in promoting the combination of both, to improve science, effectiveness, pertinence of college students ＇ ideological and political education.