Current Issues and Development Strategies of Building the Discipline of Pharmacy Administration at Pharmacy Schools in China

The history and current status of Pharmacy Administration discipline atpharmacy schools in China are illustrated. Several current issues are explored including: (1)insufficient teaching organizations and curriculum, (2) faculty deficiency both in quantity andquality, and (3) much improvement needed in the scope, methodology, and sophistication of research.Several development strategies are formulated such as (1) integrating native education resources inorder to better foster quality professionals, (2) accelerating inter-university cooperation both inteaching and research, and (3) studying the regularites of discipline development and enhancinginternational exchange.

胶州湾北部软底大型底栖动物丰度和生物量的研究

1995年3～11月对胶州湾北部软底海域进行了 两月一次的大型底栖动物调查。调查期间，大型底栖动物总平均丰度和总平均生物量分别为 1891.3 inds./m2和41.9 g.w.w/m2。与该海域有关大型底栖动物丰度和生物量的历史 资料相比较，本研究所得到的大型底栖动物丰度值显著增加，生物量值则有较明显的下降， 初步分析了发生这些变化主要原因。丰度和生物量比较曲线表明，所研究海域底栖生物群落 处于中等干扰(即污染的影响 )状态。

Women and the Transnational Dynamics of Science Education in Early Twentieth Century China:A Quiet Revolution

This article explores both the personal and transnational dimensions of domestic science education and study abroad for the pioneering generation of Chinese women in science.By focusing on women’s unique calculus of risk and reward,the article not only distinguishes Chinese women’s experiences from those of their male counterparts but also delineates the special contours of the Chinese case within the global advancement of women in science.The article begins by outlining some of the features and dynamics of early Chinese girls’schools that affected students’interest in and preparation for further scientific study.Then it traces the emerging college-level opportunities that made it possible for women who were studying science in China to contemplate advanced work overseas.Turning to study abroad,the article highlights the radicalness of the decision to study abroad by examining the impact of both family background and national circumstances on Chinese women’s strategies of mobility.The article argues that if we are to take women’s experiences seriously,we cannot just look at scientific pursuits in terms of achievements in the development of Chinese science,we also need to consider the ways that·scientific ambitions forced individuals—both male and female—to navigate and reimagine multiple social norms and expectations.

On How to Achieve the Scientific Transformation From College Integral English to Academic English

In order to meet the trend of China＇s rapid economic and social development and the internationalization of higher education, a new round of college English teaching reform is ready to start. Following the pilot reform by colleges and universities in Beijing, some colleges and universities in Shanghai will also initiate college English teaching reform program this fall. According to SCETFR （Shanghai College English Teaching Frame of Reference）, the core of the new round of reform is to replace the traditional integral or comprehensive English with academic English, and through which to strive to improve students＇ English language ability in academic study and profession, and help them build a strong competence in international exchanges and competitions. The author, based on the status quo of China＇s current college English teaching, made some forward-looking predictions to the reform, and put forward some constructive proposals and measures

Virtual Classroom in the Cloud Transnational Scandinavian Teaching With Digital Technology

In the Scandinavian countries： Sweden, Norway and Denmark, the project GNU （Gr^enseoverskridende Nordisk Undervisning, i.e. Transnational Nordic Teaching） is experimenting with ways of conducting teaching across the borders in the elementary schools. The cloud classes are organised with one class from each country in the subjects： language, science, math, social science/history. The teachers from the three classes work together to design teaching they conduct together with assignments the students will be able to solve only in collaboration with their fellow students in the three classes. The three year project ends in 2014 but already now there are some interesting findings on how transnational teaching collaboration works for teachers and students. This paper will focus on the different uses of web based tools of synchronous and asynchronous communication and discuss challenges and benefits in regard to learning and pedagogy with virtual classroom.

Study on the Application of Network Teaching Platform to the Teaching of Course Management Science -Xi＇an International University Is Taken for Example

In the teaching of course Management Science, how to effectively make use of network teaching platform is a very important reform. How will be the best effect achieved？ On the basis of the network teaching platform system available from Xi＇ an International University and also by combining with the teaching situation of course Management Science, the existing problems are analyzed and also the related suggestions are proposed, in order to achieve a better teaching effect.

Cross-Cultural Bioethics at an International University in Japan

Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University （APU） in Beppu city, Japan has a large body of students from well over 90 countries, especially from the Asia Pacific region, including Japanese, Korean, Chinese, Thai, Vietnamese, and Indonesian students. To improve analytical thinking skills among college students, a course on ＂bioethics＂ was introduced and offered in two consecutive semesters to undergraduate students for which 245 students registered at each semester. The course was taught in the form of 14 lecture and discussion sessions, each for 95 minutes based on the content of A Cross-Cultural Introduction to Bioethics （2006） edited by Darryl Macer, and reviewed a wide variety of ethical and bioethical issues. In the next semester, the students received a similar teaching content that was rearranged to reflect the 15 universal principles of bioethics and human rights covered in the Bioethics Core Curriculum （2008）. Case studies were also added to each unit of the Core Curriculum with the support of the UNESCO＇s Asia Pacific Regional Office, Bangkok （Case Studies for Bioethics 2010）. To evaluate the results of teaching and to compare the achieved objectives between the two groups of students, a short questionnaire was given to all students who finished the course and took up the final written examination. In the whole, 454 students （225 in group I and 229 in group 2） completed the course and took the final examination and 427 （218 in group 1 and 209 in group 2） responded to the questionnaire which inquired into their interest in the discussion of bioethical issues： why they believed they were important, and what they had learned through them. The results of the questionnaire have been examined and compared to evaluate the success of ＂bioethics＂ in stimulating the interest and thinking ability of the students and enriching their experience of a cross-cultural discussion over bioethical issues using universal principles as general guidance. The result of this examination was so impressive that from 2011 bioethics has been formalized into the reformed curriculum of our international school.

A Glimpse of the Initial Conditions for the Development of Science and Technology and Soviet Specialists in the PRC:1949–1955

This article aims to analyze the so-called“starting point”when modern scientific and technological successes in China were in their infancy,and to provide the reader with insight on how various challenges were overcome in their development.The period under review is 1949–1955.The information about this period was obtained from Soviet archives and special literature.The first part of the article describes the state of affairs in the People’s Republic of China(PRC)in the early years of its formation,focusing on education,science,industry(including military),communications,and rail transport.The second part turns to the Soviet specialists working in the PRC during these years,focusing on their profession,number,cities of residence and living conditions.Issues regarding Chinese specialists’internship in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics(USSR)are also touched upon.The article selects several lesserknown areas in which professional competencies were established in this very weak post-war country to discover the origins of the most important science and technology in the contemporary PRC,thereby contributing to readers’understanding of the initial conditions for the development of science and technology in China.

Teaching Cultural Strategies for Undergraduate Chinese-English Translation in Chinese Context

Although in China, ordinary translation theories favor the foreignizing strategy in translating culture, and outside China, there are opposing strategies between the cultural studies school and deconstructionist school, translation teachers should be fully aware of their respective revelations and limitations to translation teaching. This paper holds that in undergraduate C-E （Chinese-English~ translation teaching, the linguistic strategy is assimilation rather than alienation, thus, idiomaticness and preciseness should be emphasized. In teaching cultural translation strategy, first, we should promote students＇ cultural competence, which includes culture perceptive competence, culture comparison competence, culture evaluation competence, and culture mediation competence. Second, we need differentiate cultural strategies to translate literary and practical materials. In translating practical materials, functionality determines adaptation or exoticization; in translating literary materials, when cultural factor is the topic of writing, exoticization is employed for the main except that part of politeness system in institutional culture, abstract concrete conversion and description affection model in spiritual culture are adapted. When cultural factor is the background of writing, it is the target text aestheticality and readership intertextuality that determine adaptation or exoticization.

On anti-pluricanonical systems of Q-Fano 3-folds

We investigate birationality of the anti-pluricanonical map Φ-m,the rational map defined by the anti-pluricanonical system |-mKX|,on weak Q-Fano 3-folds.

Influences of Chinese educational journals-research based on 2000-2004 CSSCI

Based on the analyses on the quality of educational periodicals and the number of publications and citations in Chinese Social Sciences Citation Index(CSSCI),this paper intends to make an analysis and introduction of the general situation of Chinese educational journals and publications during 2000–2004.Results show that the quantity of educational periodicals and papers published in China,their influence,“impact factor”and the quantity of language varieties and quotation types are not completely compatible.