Freeze drying has a deleterious effect on the viability of microorganisms. In front of this difficulty, the present study adopts response surface methodology to optimize the chemical compositions of protective agents ...Freeze drying has a deleterious effect on the viability of microorganisms. In front of this difficulty, the present study adopts response surface methodology to optimize the chemical compositions of protective agents to seek for maximum viability of Bifidobacterium longum BIOMA 5920 during freeze-drying. Through the compara- tive analysis of single protectant, the complex protective agents show better effect on the Bifidobacterium viability. Human-like collagen (HLC), trehalose and glycerol are confirmed as significant factors by Box-Behnken Design. The optimized formula for these three variables is tested as follows: HLC 1.23%, trehalose 11.50% and glycerol 4.65%. Under this formula, the viability is 88.23%, 39.67% higher in comparison to the control. The viable count is 1.07×10 9 cfu·g-1 , greatly exceeding the minimum viable count requirement (10 6 cfu·g-1 ).展开更多
Sea surface winds are of great significance in scientific research. In the last few years,three series of scatterometers were launched to measure these winds,including the Advanced Scatterometer(ASCAT) aboard Meteorol...Sea surface winds are of great significance in scientific research. In the last few years,three series of scatterometers were launched to measure these winds,including the Advanced Scatterometer(ASCAT) aboard Meteorological Operational Satellite A(Met Op-A) and Met Op-B,Oceansat-2 Scatterometer(OSCAT),and HY-2A Scatterometer(HY-2A SCAT). Based on buoy wind data,validation and intercomparison of these scatterometers were performed. Scatterometer-derived wind and buoy wind data were collected only if the spatial difference was less than 0.1 degree and temporal difference less than 5 min. After discarding wind direction data outside five times the standard deviation,ASCAT wind products showed high accuracy in both wind speed and direction,with root-mean-square error(RMSE) 0.86 m/s and 17.97 degrees,respectively. HY-2A SCAT nearly meets the mission requirement,with RMSE for wind speed 1.23 m/s and 22.85 degrees for wind direction. OSCAT had poor performance when compared with the others. RMSE for wind speed was 1.54 m/s and 39.86 degrees for wind direction,which greatly exceeds the mission requirement of 20 degrees. In addition,the RMSE for wind direction shows a high-low pattern on buoy wind speed. However,a wind speed range from 14 to 15 m/s was found to be abnormal,and the reason remains unclear. There was no systematic dependency of both wind speed and direction residuals on buoy wind speed and cross-track location of the wind vector cells across the entire range. No seasonal variation was found for any scatterometer.展开更多
Classifying researchers' work according to the quality of their publications rather than the quantity of their publications is an important issue. To this end we introduce a new measure, the "percentage range" or A...Classifying researchers' work according to the quality of their publications rather than the quantity of their publications is an important issue. To this end we introduce a new measure, the "percentage range" or A-index, which provides a qualitative evaluation of a researchers' productivity. The percentage range depends to a great extent on the number of single-author published papers and their citations. It is to be a new index to be considered along with the h-index. The combined factors have the advantage of making clearer the innovation of the individual authors. The resultant percentage range gives a reduced impact on its numerical value for authors who gain citations by adding their names on multi-author papers. It is shown that various dimensions of ethical integrity and originality are clarified by the new index. The important scenarios arising from this analysis are demonstrated with examples, The great differences between the new percentage range and old h-index come from the percentage range's emphasis on considering the whole work of an author, including the significance of the author's single-author papers as opposed to multiple-author contributions. This emphasis is demonstrated.展开更多
Based on the web of Science database, such as the countries, research institutes, core authors, key journals and the distribution of research fields, the number of corporate social responsibility(CSR), articles publ...Based on the web of Science database, such as the countries, research institutes, core authors, key journals and the distribution of research fields, the number of corporate social responsibility(CSR), articles published during 20 years (1994 to 2013 ) in the world were analyzed by bibliometric method. The total of 1,544 articles and their top 20 countries, research institutes, core authors, key journals and research fields for the literature types, the number of annual articles was retrieved globally. Analyses of status and trends of CSR researches in the world based on bibliometrics were performed for providing information to CSR researchers and decision makers.展开更多
Based on the experience of quality objective evaluation procedures of The Institute of Electrical Engineering, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the methods and processes are summarized in this paper.
In this paper, the author presented an overview of scientific research in universities of Vietnam in present and analyzed and assessed its effects on the quality of education in universities. The information to write ...In this paper, the author presented an overview of scientific research in universities of Vietnam in present and analyzed and assessed its effects on the quality of education in universities. The information to write this article was obtained in the references and from the management practice for the universities and the research institute.展开更多
The unique properties of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) make them promising materials in many ?elds. Herein, we present a facile method for the preparation of photo-luminescent CQDs using humins as the carbon precursor...The unique properties of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) make them promising materials in many ?elds. Herein, we present a facile method for the preparation of photo-luminescent CQDs using humins as the carbon precursor for the purpose of providing a high value-added solution for this “biomass conversion process waste”. The structure of the CQDs was analyzed, and the effects of reaction temperature and time on the CQDs’ ?uorescence were investigated. The results showed that humins were effectively carbonized during the reaction. The ?uorescence intensity of humin-based CQDs initially increased with reaction temperature and time, and subsequently decreased beyond 200℃ and 4 h. Polyaromatic structures and hydrophilic groups such as O-H, C-O, -COOH and C==O groups exist in the CQDs. The humin-based CQDs have the dimension of 3~7 nm with an average size of about 5.5 nm. The highest emission intensity of blue/cyan ?uorescence light at 440 nm is achieved on the excitation with UV light at the wavelength of 330 nm.展开更多
Researches develop schools, scientific research improve education, teachers have become the researchers, which is a consensus in today's education. Education research has become an indisputable fact in promoting teac...Researches develop schools, scientific research improve education, teachers have become the researchers, which is a consensus in today's education. Education research has become an indisputable fact in promoting teaching reform, and improving education quality of teaching. On the basis of elaborating the connotation of the education of scientific research, this article discusses the difficulties about the primary and secondary school education of scientific research and the way out.展开更多
Based on the WoS and CNKI databases,this paper provides statistical analysis of Chinese and international polar research from 2013-2018 in terms of the number of publications,citations,institutions,disciplinary distri...Based on the WoS and CNKI databases,this paper provides statistical analysis of Chinese and international polar research from 2013-2018 in terms of the number of publications,citations,institutions,disciplinary distribution,collaborations,source journals,and highly cited papers by bibliometric methods.Combining the differences of the traditional disciplinary advantages and natural geographical locations of China and the West,the current research hotspots in the polar field are summarized.(1)"Polar ice cap instability and sea level change","sensitivity and vulnerability of polar ecosystems","Arctic sea-ice-air interactions and climate effects"are the focus of research in the world.(2)Political environment research such as"National Strategy and Cooperation under the'Silk Road on Ice'Initiative"has become a unique polar strategic topic in China.At the same time,insights and suggestions are put forward from three aspects,such as increasing policy support,building cooperation system and optimizing strategic layout.展开更多
Meta-analysis is a kind of systematic review,which uses quantitative method to summarize the results.It is a comprehensive evaluation to the findings of previous studies with higher credibility.Recently,it is applied ...Meta-analysis is a kind of systematic review,which uses quantitative method to summarize the results.It is a comprehensive evaluation to the findings of previous studies with higher credibility.Recently,it is applied to all areas of scientific research,particularly in the integrated treatment of breast cancer.Currently,breast cancer is known one of the most common malignant tumors,and its incidence is increasing year by year.Therefore,more and more clinical doctors pay attention to the effect of comprehensive treatment for patients with breast cancer.This article mainly collects the results of comprehensive treatment of breast cancer,in which the method of Meta-analysis is applied.In addition,we discuss the latest progress in order to guide the clinical treatment.展开更多
The number of scientific investigations on women's football specific to the topics of player characteristics and demands of the game has considerably increased in recent years due to the increased popularity of the w...The number of scientific investigations on women's football specific to the topics of player characteristics and demands of the game has considerably increased in recent years due to the increased popularity of the women's game worldwide, although they are not yet as numerous as in the case of men's football. To date, only two scientific publications have attempted to review the main findings of studies published in this area. However, one of them was published about 20 years ago, when women's football was still in its infancy and there were only a few studies to report on. The other review was more recent. Nonetheless, its main focus was on the game and training demands of senior elite female players. Thus, information on female footballers of lower competitive levels and younger age groups was not included. Consequently, an updated review is needed in this area. The present article therefore aims to provide an overview of a series of studies that have been published so far on the specific characteristics of female football players and the demands of match-play. Mean values reported in the literature for age (12-27 years), body height (155-174 cm), body mass (48-72 kg), percent body fat (13%-29%), maximal oxygen uptake (45.1-55.5 mL/kg/min), Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level l (780-1379 m), maximum heart rate (189-202 bpm), 30 m sprint times (4.34-4.96 s), and counter- movement jump or vertical jump (28-50 cm) vary mostly according to the players' competitive level and positional role. There are also some special considerations that coaches and other practitioners should he aware of when working with female athletes such as the menstrual cycle, potential pregnancy and lactation, common injury risks (particularly knee and head injuries) and health concerns (e.g., female athlete triad, iron deficiency, and anemia) that may affect players' football performance, health or return to play. Reported mean values for total distance covered (4-13 km), distance covered at high-speed (0.2-1.7 km), average/peak heart rate (74%-87%/94%-99% HRmax), average/peak oxygen uptake (52%-77%/96%-98% VO2max), and blood lactate (2.2-7.3 mmol/L) during women's football match-play vary according to the players' competitive level and positional role. Methodological differences may account for the discrepancy of the reported values as well. Finally, this review also aims to identify literature gaps that require further scientific research in women's football and to derive a few practical recom-mendations. The information presented in this report provides an objective point of reference about player characteristics and game demands at various levels of women's football, which can help coaches and sport scientists to design more effective training programs and science-based strategies for the further improvement of players' football performance, health, game standards, and positive image of this sport.展开更多
Medical students are the major force of future medical scientific research and clinical work, and itis of great necessity for medical students to have humanistic education, which is also an inevitable way of improving...Medical students are the major force of future medical scientific research and clinical work, and itis of great necessity for medical students to have humanistic education, which is also an inevitable way of improving medical students' clinical practice quality. Social progress demands that medical students should not only have excellent professional skills, but also be able to think about problems from medical,social, moral and ethics perspectives, establishing the people-oriented patient-centered noble medical ethics, having a good ability to communicate with people.展开更多
As the Earth entering into the Anthropocene, global sustainable development requires ecological research to evolve into the large-scale, quantitative, and predictive era. It necessitates a revolution of ecological obs...As the Earth entering into the Anthropocene, global sustainable development requires ecological research to evolve into the large-scale, quantitative, and predictive era. It necessitates a revolution of ecological observation technology and a long-term accumulation of scientific data. The ecosystem flux tower observation technology is the right one to meet this requirement. However, the unique advantages and potential values of global-scale flux tower observation are still not fully appreciated. Reviewing the development history of global meteorological observation and its scientific contributions to the society, we can get an important enlightenment to re-cognize the scientific mission of flux observation.展开更多
基金Supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (2007AA03Z456)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (20776119, 21076169 and 31000019)+5 种基金the Xi’an Research and Development Program(NC08005, YF07078)the Scientific Research Program of Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education,China(08JK452,08JK453,JG08181,2010JC21,2010JS107,2010JS108, 2010JK876 and 2010JS109)Shaanxi Provincial Scientific Technology Research and Development Program (2007K06-03, 2010JQ2012, SJ08B03)the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (20096101120023, 20096101110014)NWU Graduate Innovation and Creativity Funds (08YSY17)Shaanxi Key Subject Program, China
文摘Freeze drying has a deleterious effect on the viability of microorganisms. In front of this difficulty, the present study adopts response surface methodology to optimize the chemical compositions of protective agents to seek for maximum viability of Bifidobacterium longum BIOMA 5920 during freeze-drying. Through the compara- tive analysis of single protectant, the complex protective agents show better effect on the Bifidobacterium viability. Human-like collagen (HLC), trehalose and glycerol are confirmed as significant factors by Box-Behnken Design. The optimized formula for these three variables is tested as follows: HLC 1.23%, trehalose 11.50% and glycerol 4.65%. Under this formula, the viability is 88.23%, 39.67% higher in comparison to the control. The viable count is 1.07×10 9 cfu·g-1 , greatly exceeding the minimum viable count requirement (10 6 cfu·g-1 ).
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U1406404,41331172,61361136001)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(863 Program)(No.2013AA09A505)
文摘Sea surface winds are of great significance in scientific research. In the last few years,three series of scatterometers were launched to measure these winds,including the Advanced Scatterometer(ASCAT) aboard Meteorological Operational Satellite A(Met Op-A) and Met Op-B,Oceansat-2 Scatterometer(OSCAT),and HY-2A Scatterometer(HY-2A SCAT). Based on buoy wind data,validation and intercomparison of these scatterometers were performed. Scatterometer-derived wind and buoy wind data were collected only if the spatial difference was less than 0.1 degree and temporal difference less than 5 min. After discarding wind direction data outside five times the standard deviation,ASCAT wind products showed high accuracy in both wind speed and direction,with root-mean-square error(RMSE) 0.86 m/s and 17.97 degrees,respectively. HY-2A SCAT nearly meets the mission requirement,with RMSE for wind speed 1.23 m/s and 22.85 degrees for wind direction. OSCAT had poor performance when compared with the others. RMSE for wind speed was 1.54 m/s and 39.86 degrees for wind direction,which greatly exceeds the mission requirement of 20 degrees. In addition,the RMSE for wind direction shows a high-low pattern on buoy wind speed. However,a wind speed range from 14 to 15 m/s was found to be abnormal,and the reason remains unclear. There was no systematic dependency of both wind speed and direction residuals on buoy wind speed and cross-track location of the wind vector cells across the entire range. No seasonal variation was found for any scatterometer.
文摘Classifying researchers' work according to the quality of their publications rather than the quantity of their publications is an important issue. To this end we introduce a new measure, the "percentage range" or A-index, which provides a qualitative evaluation of a researchers' productivity. The percentage range depends to a great extent on the number of single-author published papers and their citations. It is to be a new index to be considered along with the h-index. The combined factors have the advantage of making clearer the innovation of the individual authors. The resultant percentage range gives a reduced impact on its numerical value for authors who gain citations by adding their names on multi-author papers. It is shown that various dimensions of ethical integrity and originality are clarified by the new index. The important scenarios arising from this analysis are demonstrated with examples, The great differences between the new percentage range and old h-index come from the percentage range's emphasis on considering the whole work of an author, including the significance of the author's single-author papers as opposed to multiple-author contributions. This emphasis is demonstrated.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC-AF 31361130342).
文摘Based on the web of Science database, such as the countries, research institutes, core authors, key journals and the distribution of research fields, the number of corporate social responsibility(CSR), articles published during 20 years (1994 to 2013 ) in the world were analyzed by bibliometric method. The total of 1,544 articles and their top 20 countries, research institutes, core authors, key journals and research fields for the literature types, the number of annual articles was retrieved globally. Analyses of status and trends of CSR researches in the world based on bibliometrics were performed for providing information to CSR researchers and decision makers.
文摘Based on the experience of quality objective evaluation procedures of The Institute of Electrical Engineering, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the methods and processes are summarized in this paper.
文摘In this paper, the author presented an overview of scientific research in universities of Vietnam in present and analyzed and assessed its effects on the quality of education in universities. The information to write this article was obtained in the references and from the management practice for the universities and the research institute.
基金supported by the Research Project for Hot Tracking Items of Beijing Forestry University(2017BLRD03)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51603012)Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation(6182031)
文摘The unique properties of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) make them promising materials in many ?elds. Herein, we present a facile method for the preparation of photo-luminescent CQDs using humins as the carbon precursor for the purpose of providing a high value-added solution for this “biomass conversion process waste”. The structure of the CQDs was analyzed, and the effects of reaction temperature and time on the CQDs’ ?uorescence were investigated. The results showed that humins were effectively carbonized during the reaction. The ?uorescence intensity of humin-based CQDs initially increased with reaction temperature and time, and subsequently decreased beyond 200℃ and 4 h. Polyaromatic structures and hydrophilic groups such as O-H, C-O, -COOH and C==O groups exist in the CQDs. The humin-based CQDs have the dimension of 3~7 nm with an average size of about 5.5 nm. The highest emission intensity of blue/cyan ?uorescence light at 440 nm is achieved on the excitation with UV light at the wavelength of 330 nm.
文摘Researches develop schools, scientific research improve education, teachers have become the researchers, which is a consensus in today's education. Education research has become an indisputable fact in promoting teaching reform, and improving education quality of teaching. On the basis of elaborating the connotation of the education of scientific research, this article discusses the difficulties about the primary and secondary school education of scientific research and the way out.
文摘Based on the WoS and CNKI databases,this paper provides statistical analysis of Chinese and international polar research from 2013-2018 in terms of the number of publications,citations,institutions,disciplinary distribution,collaborations,source journals,and highly cited papers by bibliometric methods.Combining the differences of the traditional disciplinary advantages and natural geographical locations of China and the West,the current research hotspots in the polar field are summarized.(1)"Polar ice cap instability and sea level change","sensitivity and vulnerability of polar ecosystems","Arctic sea-ice-air interactions and climate effects"are the focus of research in the world.(2)Political environment research such as"National Strategy and Cooperation under the'Silk Road on Ice'Initiative"has become a unique polar strategic topic in China.At the same time,insights and suggestions are put forward from three aspects,such as increasing policy support,building cooperation system and optimizing strategic layout.
文摘Meta-analysis is a kind of systematic review,which uses quantitative method to summarize the results.It is a comprehensive evaluation to the findings of previous studies with higher credibility.Recently,it is applied to all areas of scientific research,particularly in the integrated treatment of breast cancer.Currently,breast cancer is known one of the most common malignant tumors,and its incidence is increasing year by year.Therefore,more and more clinical doctors pay attention to the effect of comprehensive treatment for patients with breast cancer.This article mainly collects the results of comprehensive treatment of breast cancer,in which the method of Meta-analysis is applied.In addition,we discuss the latest progress in order to guide the clinical treatment.
文摘The number of scientific investigations on women's football specific to the topics of player characteristics and demands of the game has considerably increased in recent years due to the increased popularity of the women's game worldwide, although they are not yet as numerous as in the case of men's football. To date, only two scientific publications have attempted to review the main findings of studies published in this area. However, one of them was published about 20 years ago, when women's football was still in its infancy and there were only a few studies to report on. The other review was more recent. Nonetheless, its main focus was on the game and training demands of senior elite female players. Thus, information on female footballers of lower competitive levels and younger age groups was not included. Consequently, an updated review is needed in this area. The present article therefore aims to provide an overview of a series of studies that have been published so far on the specific characteristics of female football players and the demands of match-play. Mean values reported in the literature for age (12-27 years), body height (155-174 cm), body mass (48-72 kg), percent body fat (13%-29%), maximal oxygen uptake (45.1-55.5 mL/kg/min), Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level l (780-1379 m), maximum heart rate (189-202 bpm), 30 m sprint times (4.34-4.96 s), and counter- movement jump or vertical jump (28-50 cm) vary mostly according to the players' competitive level and positional role. There are also some special considerations that coaches and other practitioners should he aware of when working with female athletes such as the menstrual cycle, potential pregnancy and lactation, common injury risks (particularly knee and head injuries) and health concerns (e.g., female athlete triad, iron deficiency, and anemia) that may affect players' football performance, health or return to play. Reported mean values for total distance covered (4-13 km), distance covered at high-speed (0.2-1.7 km), average/peak heart rate (74%-87%/94%-99% HRmax), average/peak oxygen uptake (52%-77%/96%-98% VO2max), and blood lactate (2.2-7.3 mmol/L) during women's football match-play vary according to the players' competitive level and positional role. Methodological differences may account for the discrepancy of the reported values as well. Finally, this review also aims to identify literature gaps that require further scientific research in women's football and to derive a few practical recom-mendations. The information presented in this report provides an objective point of reference about player characteristics and game demands at various levels of women's football, which can help coaches and sport scientists to design more effective training programs and science-based strategies for the further improvement of players' football performance, health, game standards, and positive image of this sport.
文摘Medical students are the major force of future medical scientific research and clinical work, and itis of great necessity for medical students to have humanistic education, which is also an inevitable way of improving medical students' clinical practice quality. Social progress demands that medical students should not only have excellent professional skills, but also be able to think about problems from medical,social, moral and ethics perspectives, establishing the people-oriented patient-centered noble medical ethics, having a good ability to communicate with people.
基金Science and Technology Service Network Initiative of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(KFJ-SW-STS-169)National Natural Science Foundation of China(41671045 and 31600347)
文摘As the Earth entering into the Anthropocene, global sustainable development requires ecological research to evolve into the large-scale, quantitative, and predictive era. It necessitates a revolution of ecological observation technology and a long-term accumulation of scientific data. The ecosystem flux tower observation technology is the right one to meet this requirement. However, the unique advantages and potential values of global-scale flux tower observation are still not fully appreciated. Reviewing the development history of global meteorological observation and its scientific contributions to the society, we can get an important enlightenment to re-cognize the scientific mission of flux observation.