里耶秦简中的积户与见户——兼论秦代基层官吏的量化考核

里耶秦简有一些迁陵县的积户和见户记录。积户实际是县、乡对全年户籍核查和登记的累积户次。从积户与实际户数的关系推算,秦始皇三十五年(前212)迁陵县的户籍在2 000户左右,人口估计有10 000人以上。见户是每年经过"核验、钩校"后新增交纳租赋的民户,主要和垦田(即"舆田")有关。截止到秦始皇三十五年,迁陵县共有356户交纳租赋。无论是积户的核查和登记,还是见户的审定和统计,秦代基层官吏的量化考核都始终在管理过程中起着保障、推进和奖惩的杠杆作用。

“积户”与“见户”里耶秦简所见迁陵编户数量

里耶秦简中对迁陵县编户数量有“积户”与“见户”两类不同记载。积户数多达五万余户，见户数仅有不到两百户。见户数是核验、钩校后确定的实存户数，反映的是一个时点（一个会计年度中的某一天）的户数；年积户数则是一年中每一天的实存户数的总和，反映的是一个时段（一个会计年度）的户数。秦始皇廿八年至卅三年、卅五年迁陵县实存152-191户，迁陵县编户人口大致为一二千人。

A stochastic user equilibrium model solving overlapping path and perfectly rational issues

Traffic assignment has been recognized as one of the key technologies in supporting transportation planning and operations.To better address the perfectly rational issue of the expected utility theory(EUT)and the overlapping path issue of the multinomial logit(MNL)model that are involved in the traffic assignment process,this paper proposes a cumulative prospect value(CPV)-based generalized nested logit(GNL)stochastic user equilibrium(SUE)model.The proposed model uses CPV to replace the utility value as the path performance within the GNL model framework.An equivalent mathematical model is provided for the proposed CPV-based GNL SUE model,which is solved by the method of successive averages(MSA).The existence and equivalence of the solution are also proved for the equivalent model.To demonstrate the performance of the proposed CPV-based GNL SUE model,three road networks are selected in the empirical test.The results show that the proposed model can jointly deal with the perfectly rational issue and the overlapping path issue,and additionally,the proposed model is shown to be applicable for large road networks.

Prediction of Scour Depth around Offshore Pipelines in the South China Sea

Scour depth prediction of offshore pipelines is of great significance to the design and construction of the submarine pipeline projects. In this paper, based on the CFD software package FLUENT and User Defined Function （UDF）, an Eulerian two-phase model, which includes an Euler-Euler coupled model for water and sediment phases, and a turbulent model for the fluid phase, is adopted to predict the scour depth around pipelines. The model is verified by observation data obtained from laboratory experiments. On the basis of the simulations, the factors affecting the scour depth, including the effects of incipient velocity, pipe diameter and sediment particle size and so on, were investigated. Meanwhile, according to formulas of incipient velocity of various sediments, approximate calculation on theoretical scour depths is developed for pipelines of seven stations in the South China Sea, where engineering application information is available.

Bar in SILL Questionnaire for Multiple Results Processing： Users＇ Frequency and Confidence

One hundred and fifteen first-year students of Greek took the SILL （Strategy Inventory for Language Learning） questionnaire in an attempt to reveal and activate potential a successful and widely used questionnaire like SILL might have but not identified and investigated so far. The first original point to be investigated, tackled in a previous experiment （Kambakis-Vougiouklis, 2012）, concerns users＇ confidence whether their choice of a specific strategy is effective while the second point concerns the use of the bar as an alternative statistical tool. More specifically, in this particular experiment the bar is not divided only into five equal length spaces as in the first experiment but also into five equal area spaces according to Gauss distribution, giving the researcher the chance to investigate possible differences between two ways of data processing--an advantage only the use of the bar could provide in the analysis stage. Additionally, there are advantages concerning results collection, as subjects and researcher will have a completely free choice among infinite points on a line rather than a limited 3, 4, 5, and 6 of a Likert scale, avoiding at the same time fine verbal differences between different subdivisions. Although the two different methods of processing performed homogeneous behaviour with not statistically considerable differences, it needs further applications in order to reach safe conclusions

Cumulative prospect theory-based user equilibrium model with stochastic perception errors

The cumulative prospect theory(CPT) is applied to study travelers' route choice behavior in a degradable transport network. A cumulative prospect theory-based user equilibrium(CPT-UE) model considering stochastic perception error(SPE) within travelers' route choice decision process is developed. The SPE is conditionally dependent on the actual travel time distribution, which is different from the deterministic perception error used in the traditional logit-based stochastic user equilibrium. The CPT-UE model is formulated as a variational inequality problem and solved by a heuristic solution algorithm. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the application of the proposed model and efficiency of the solution algorithm. The effects of SPE on the reference point determination, cumulative prospect value estimation, route choice decision and network performance evaluation are investigated.

Analysis of cumulative handoff delay for graded secondary users in cognitive radio networks

According to the fact that the secondary users＇ delay requirements for data transmission are not unitary in cognitive radio networks, the secondary users are divided into two classes, denoted by SU1 and SU2, respectively. It is assumed that SU1 has a higher priority to occupy the primary users＇ unutilized channels than SU2. A preemptive resume priority M/G/1 queuing network is used to model the multiple spectrum handoffs processing. By using a state transition probability matrix and a cost matrix, the average cumulative delays of SU1 and SU2 are calculated, respectively. Numerical results show that the more the primary user＇s traffic load, the more rapidly the SU2＇s cumulative handoff delay grows. Compared with the networks where secondary users are unitary, the lower the SUI＇s arrival rate, the more obviously both SUI＇s and SU2＇s handoff delays decrease. The admission access regions limited by the maximum tolerable delay can also facilitate the design of admission control rules for graded secondary users.