古尔班通古特沙漠南部沙垄水分动态——兼论积雪融化和冻土变化对沙丘水分分异作用

2004年3月至2005年7月对古尔班通古特沙漠南部典型半固定沙垄土壤水分进行了系统监测，结合气象资料，特别是对冬季积雪和冻土资料的分析，认为该沙漠沙丘土壤水分时空变化规律在很大程度上受积雪融化和季节性冻土的影响．由于冬季稳定存在20-30cm的积雪于春季融化，使得春季沙丘土壤含水率成为全年最高的季节，从而为早春植物的萌发生长创造了有利的条件．冬季1m多深的冻土于早春时节由表及里开始消融，沙丘表面融化的雪水在坡面重力作用下，沿难以透水的冻土层上界自坡上向坡下发生迁移，在春夏季形成了垄间最高、坡部次之和垄顶最少的土壤水分空间格局．该研究具有生态学意义，可为古尔班通古特沙漠特殊环境条件下植被恢复与重建提供依据．

青藏高原寒区水文过程研究进展及模型述评

全球气候变暖导致冰冻圈发生了剧烈变化,突出表现为冰川退缩、积雪消融、冻土退化等,加速了固态水资源向液态水资源的转化,打破了青藏高原寒区水资源分配的长期稳定机制。本文基于寒区冰冻圈变化水文效应角度,梳理了气候变化下青藏高原寒区水文过程研究进展,剖析了当前青藏高原寒区水文过程研究中存在的热点和难点。由于水文模型为研究水文循环过程的重要工具,模型的结构和功能决定了水文过程研究的准确度和发展方向。因此,本文总结了10个典型水文模型在模拟高原寒区冰川、融雪径流算法的优点和局限性及模型冰川、积雪、冻土模块特点,凝练总结了影响高原寒区水文过程模型模拟精度的主要问题。结果表明:青藏高原寒区气象观测站点资料的匮乏加大了数据输入、参数估计的不确定性;对冰冻圈水文内在物理过程认识不足导致了模型结构的不完备性,进而影响水文过程模拟精度。最后,本文从多元数据联合使用、机器学习应用等方面探讨了如何提高水文模型精度,为寒区水文模型的改进和完善提供参考。

青藏高原春季地表非绝热加热异常对东亚夏季风强度的影响

为了探究与融雪、融冻过程相联系的青藏高原春季地表非绝热加热异常对东亚夏季风强度变化的影响,利用NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis I(NCEP-I)和欧洲中心(ERA-interim)全球月平均感、潜热通量等再分析资料,以及1961—2014年全国723个气象站逐月历史观测资料,首先定义一个与青藏高原地表非绝热加热相联系的新东亚夏季风指数,并分析新夏季风指数与中国夏季降水的关系,进而探讨青藏高原春季地表非绝热加热异常对东亚夏季风强度变化的影响。结果表明:(1)受青藏高原春季大气射出长波辐射减弱、地气温差发生突变影响,近36 a青藏高原春季地表感热、潜热通量先后在1997年、2003年左右经历了一次由增大转为减小的明显突变;(2)采用200 h Pa水平风速新定义的东亚夏季风指数具有良好、广泛的代表性和适用性,近50 a来新东亚夏季风指数强度呈减弱趋势,减弱速率为-0.73/10 a;(3)新东亚夏季风指数与长江流域夏季6—8月降水之间存在极为显著的负相关关系,即东亚夏季风出现增强(减弱)异常时,长江流域夏季6—8月降水会异常减少(增多);(4)融雪、融冻过程引起的青藏高原春季前期地表潜热通量正(负)异常,会引起随后建立的东亚夏季风强度的减弱(增强)。与融雪、融冻过程联系紧密的青藏高原春季地表感、潜热通量存在显著的准3 a左右周期,其年代际变化对随后爆发的东亚夏季风和我国东部地区夏季降水准3 a左右周期的变化具有重要影响。

The Influence of Seasonal Snow on Soil Thermal and Water Dynamics under Different Vegetation Covers in a Permafrost Region

Seasonal snow is one of the most important influences on the development and distribution of permafrost and the hydrothermal regime in surface soil. Alpine meadow, which constitutes the main land type in permafrost regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, was selected to study the influence of seasonal snow on the temperature and moisture in active soil layers under different vegetation coverage. Monitoring sites for soil moisture and temperature were constructed to observe the hydrothermal processes in active soil layers under different vegetation cover with seasonal snow cover variation for three years from 2010 to 2012. Differences in soil temperature and moisture in areas of diverse vegetation coverage with varying levels of snow cover were analyzed using active soil layer water and temperature indices. The results indicated that snow cover greatly influenced the hydrothermal dynamics of the active soil layer in alpine meadows. In the snow manipulation experiment with a snow depth greater than 15 cm, the snow cover postponed both the freeze-fall and thawrise onset times of soil temperature and moisture in alpine LC(lower vegetation coverage) meadows and of soil moisture in alpine HC(higher vegetation coverage) meadows; however, the opposite response occurred for soil temperatures of alpine HC meadows,where the entire melting period was extended by advancing the thaw-rise and delaying the freeze-fall onset time of the soil temperature. Snow cover resulted in a decreased amplitude and rate of variation in soil temperature, for both alpine HC meadows and alpine LC meadows, whereas the distinct influence of snow cover on the amplitude and rate of soil moisture variation occurred at different soil layers with different vegetation coverages. Snow cover increased the soil moisture of alpine grasslands during thawing periods. The results confirmed that the annual hydrothermal dynamics of active layers in permafrost were subject to the synergistic actions of both snow cover and vegetation coverage.

中国冰冻圈变化对海平面上升潜在贡献的初步估计

最新研究表明，2003年以来冰冻圈已成为海平面上升最主要的影响因素，其中山地冰川和冰帽的贡献量最大．分析中国冰冻圈融水总量的估算结果，并粗略估计中国冰川区降水，大致推断中国冰冻圈对海平面上升的潜在总贡献量为0．14～0．16mnla-1，其中主要为冰川贡献量，约为0．12milla-1．在冰川贡献中，外流河流域冰川融水补给对海平面的贡献则仅为0．07mlTla-1，占全球山地冰川和冰帽贡献量的6．4％．

春赞

在以往的岁月里,我向往着祖国的名山——长白山。 我曾经一次又一次地在地图上寻找长白山的名字,一次又一次地在诗篇中欣赏人们对长白山的深情赞美:长白天池、长白瀑布、长白林海、长白雪原。