碱溶提取-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定土壤中的镧、铈、镨、钕、钐五种稀土元素

文章研究了采用碱溶消解提取土壤中镧(La)、铈(Ce)、镨(Pr)、钕(Nd)、钐(Sm)五种稀土元素,使用ICP-MS分析。结果表明本方法具有较好的精密度和准确度,能满足土壤环境监测分析的要求,同时能有效提高实验效率,适合大批量土壤样品的分析。

赣南离子型稀土矿区土壤吸附铜的特征研究

为了探讨赣南离子型稀土矿区土壤吸附铜的机理,了解一般土壤(校园土、农田土)与矿区土壤(原矿土、尾矿土)中铜污染和生态环境的关系,实验研究了不同条件下4种土壤吸附铜的特征。采用批吸附试验方法,研究pH、腐殖酸、水土质量比、温度对4种土壤吸附铜的影响。结果表明,随着pH的增加,吸附量呈现先增加后下降的趋势,分别在pH=3和pH=5时取得最小值与最大值;校园土和农田土随着腐殖酸含量的增加,吸附量呈逐渐下降的趋势;原矿土和尾矿土在腐殖酸含量为5%时,吸附量达到最大,随后呈下降趋势;4种土壤对Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附率随着水土比的升高而降低,在水土比为20∶1和200∶1时,取得吸附率的最大值与最小值;4种土壤对Cu(Ⅱ)吸附量随着温度的升高而升高。

可溶态稀土含量与土壤理化性状的关系

以河北省土壤可溶态稀土含量调查资料为依据,分析了可溶态稀土含量与土壤理化性状的关系。结果表明,土壤可溶态稀土含量,随土壤质地由砂变粘而升高,与土壤碳酸钙含量的关系为y=(2.717 05+6.228 59x)/x,与土壤酸碱度的关系为y=0.912xe-0.202 25x,与土壤代换量的关系为y=0.334+5.338 logx。

污泥及强化措施对稀土矿区废弃地土壤的改良

【目的】探究添加城市污泥对稀土矿废弃地土壤的改良作用,以及在添加污泥基础上添加蔗渣和土壤调理剂的强化效果,以期为稀土矿区土壤改良提供理论依据,也为城市污泥资源化利用提供新思路。【方法】以稀土矿区土壤为研究对象,设置3个处理:添加污泥(T1)、添加污泥+蔗渣(T2)、添加污泥+蔗渣+土壤调理剂(T3),矿区土壤作为对照(CK),以剑豆Canavalia gladiata为种植材料,通过盆栽试验验证土壤改良效果;测定土壤理化性质和剑豆生长指标,运用主成分分析和模糊隶属函数分析方法综合分析不同处理的土壤改良效果。【结果】与对照相比,3种处理均极大地改善了矿区土壤的理化性质,促进了剑豆生长和氮、磷、钾养分元素吸收。其中,T1处理使土壤容重降低27.64%,总孔隙度提高23.91%,毛管持水量提高42.41%,有机质含量提高11.01倍,全磷、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量大幅增加;T2处理的土壤物理性质优于T1,有机质含量提高25.9%,pH提高0.32;T3处理的土壤pH(7.22)最高,较T2提高49.17%,速效磷、速效钾含量分别提高0.46%和11.05%。T2和T3处理植株的总生物量显著高于T1和CK,且T2和T3处理之间无显著差异;单株氮、磷、钾的积累量均在T2处理达到最大值,分别为934.43、172.07、931.35 mg,且与其他处理差异显著。CK、 T1、 T2、 T3的隶属函数平均值分别为0.06、 0.56、 0.83、 0.90,土壤改良效果排序为T3>T2>T1。【结论】添加污泥显著改良矿区土壤,在添加污泥基础上加入蔗渣和土壤调理剂的改良效果显著增强。

ICP-AES法和ICP-MS法测定土壤中稀土元素的比较

采用硫酸-氢氟酸-硝酸分解样品,运用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)与电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)分别测定了国家一级土壤标准物质GSS-5、GSS-16中的稀土元素,并对这两种分析方法进行了比较。

赣州市东江源保护区土壤污染治理与修复的探究

"土地是山川之根,是万物之本,土地是人类衣食父母,是一切财富之源"。伴随着经济的日益发达,环境污染日趋严重,土壤污染也严重威胁到我国居民的生活水平。东江是珠江的一大支流,发源于江西省安远、寻乌、定南三县,这三个县共同位于江西省南部,地处闽、粤、赣三省交界处,是香港同胞饮用水东江的发源地,是珠江三角洲的直接腹地和内地通向东南沿海的重要通道之一。文章结合赣州市东江源保护区土壤污染的实际情况,探讨了区域存在的环境问题,介绍了保护区修复治理方法,并对修复治理结果进行了评价。

土壤稀土元素和氮化物污染对植物生长及生理的影响

近年来,对稀土矿区土壤污染的修复成为中国关注的热点之一。稀土矿区存在的污染物主要是稀土元素与氮化物,本文在概述稀土元素在中国的分布及污染现状的基础上,综述了稀土元素、氮化物分别对植物生长的影响及其可能的生理生化机制,以及稀土元素-氮化物共存时对植物生长的影响,并提出了未来需要加强对稀土元素及养分元素复合污染的研究以及内外源稀土对植物生长的差异性研究。

Remediation of in-situ Leach Mining Contaminated Soil by Amendment-plant Synergism

This study aimed to remediate in-situ leach mining contaminated soil by amendment-plant synergism. The results showed that plant species exhibited ex-tremely significant effects on the concentration of nitrate nitrogen; to be specific, the concentration of nitrate nitrogen in soil planted with wheat was reduced from 692.19 mg/kg to lower than 100 mg/kg; when the mass ratio of amendment to soil reached 3：50 and the amendment particle size was 1-2 mm, the concentration of nitrate ni-trogen in soil planted with wheat was reduced to 43 mg/kg. The amendment type exhibited extremely significant effects on the concentration of ammonium nitrogen; to be specific, when the mass ratio of amendment to soil reached 10：50, the concen-tration of ammonium nitrogen in soil added with 2-3 mm zeolite was reduced from 23 593.75 to 3 300 mg/kg on day 15. Amendments and plants mainly exhibited desorption performance for sulfate radical in soil, and the amendment type extreme-ly significantly affected the concentration of sulfate radical; to be specific, the con-centration of sulfate radical in soil added with limestone increased from 370 mg/kg to 900 mg/kg on day 7.

生物炭负载氧化石墨烯对离子型稀土矿区土壤中重金属的阻控效应

以脐橙皮渣和天然石墨为原料,采用改进Hummer-共热解法制备了生物炭负载氧化石墨烯(BGO)材料,利用土壤钝化实验考察了BGO复合材料对稀土矿区土壤重金属形态的影响,土柱淋溶实验探讨了淋滤液重金属含量变化特征以及土壤重金属垂向迁移规律,确定了淋溶条件下重金属的累积释放模型.结果表明,添加BGO复合材料提高了土壤pH值和有机质含量,原矿和尾矿土壤酸可提取态Pb含量分别降低了17%和8.6%,原矿土壤中Mn形态含量变化不显著,而尾矿土壤酸可提取态、可还原态和可氧化态Mn含量都有所降低.土壤重金属累积释放特征可以分为两个阶段:快速释放阶段与缓慢释放阶段,添加BGO复合材料的土壤重金属释放速率要低于未添加的释放速率,尾矿土壤中Pb和Mn的释放量相比对照组分别减少了2.5%和28.4%,而原矿土壤分别减少了5.7%和1.1%.矿区土壤中重金属的释放是受多种扩散机制控制的复杂反应过程,BGO复合材料通过提高土壤pH值以及表面络合和沉淀等作用来有效阻控重金属的迁移.

Forms of Rare Earth Elements in Soils: Ⅰ. Distribution

The distribution of rare earth element (REE) forms in soils is given in the present paper on the basis of sequential fractionation and determination of 34 representative surface soils collected from all parts of China.Results obtained show that the extraction rate of water soluble and exchangeable REE had the odd-even phenomenon and that of organically bound REE from La to Lu tended to reduce gradually with the increase of atomic number.The stability of Sc and the activity and enrichment of Tm in soils are proposed.Furthermore,the paper makes a preliminary discussion on the differences in the concentration distribution of various forms of individual REE in some soils.

Accumulation and Fractionation of Rare Earth Elements in a Soil-Wheat System

Time series bioaccumulation of rare earth elements （REEs） in field-grown wheat with and without a dressing of extraneous REE fertilizer at different growth stages and fractionation of REEs during their transport in a soil-wheat system were determined. Time-dependent accumulation of extraneous REEs was found in different parts of wheat. An upward transport of extraneous REEs from roots to shoots under a soil dressing and a downward transport from leaves to roots with a foliar dressing were also observed. Moreover, fractionation of REEs occurred in the soil-wheat system. Compared to the host soil a positive Eu anomaly in the stems and grains as well as heavy REE enrichment in the grains were found. The ability of the different wheat organs to fractionate Eu from the REE series was ranked in the order of sterns 〉 grains 〉 leaves 〉 roots.

Water-Soluble Rare Earth Elements in Some Soils of China

Water-soluble rare earth elements (WSREEs) of four typical soil profiles in China were determined by using a high-resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. Results showed that the contents of WSREEs decreased from upper layer to lower layer of soils in the southern part of China with a high rainfall and low pH but increased for soils in the northern part of China with a low rainfall and relatively higher pH. Contents of WSREEs in soils were lower than 100 μg kg-1 in most casest and varied greatly with both different soils and different layers of the same profile. The highest content was 2816.3 μg kg-1 but the lowest was 17.6 μg kg-1 only. The content of individual rare earth iement (REE) in the soil solution also varied greatly with the highest one ranging from 8.4 to 1373 μg kg-1 for Ce and the lowest one from 0.05to 4.48 μg kg-1 for Lu. The sum of WSREEs in the first soil layers ranged from 121.5 to 345.6 μg kg-1.Great variations existed among ratios of REEs extracted with water to the total REEs of soils, ranging from 0.02×10-3 to 13.2×10-3. But as the upper layer was considered, the ratio showed only a small difference,ranging from 0.79×10-3 to 1.69×10-3.

Adsorption and Desorption of Exogenous Rare Earth Elements in Soils:Ⅰ. Rate and Forms of Rare Earth Elements Sorbed

Adsorption and desorption of exogenous rare earth elements (REE) in soils were studied.Results showed that soils had strong adsorbability for REE and the rate of adsorption of REE was over 95% of the added REE in these tests.The characteristics of adsorption isotherms corresponded well with the both Freundlich and Temkin equations,but deviated from the Langmuir equation.The adsorption of REE tended to increase with the rising of soil pH.A sequential extraction method used for studing the desorption and distribution of REE sorbed in soils are also discussed.

Forms of Rare Earth Elements in Soils: Ⅱ. Differentiation of Rare Earth Elements

The present paper deals mainly with the relationships between the distribution of rare earth elements (REE) in different forms in soils and the atomic number and with the odd-even phenomenon in the distribution of ionic lanthanides in soils.The enrichment tendency of light REE relative to heavy REE in soils was pointed out on the experimental results about the proportions of Ce-group and Y-group elements in different REE forms in soils.Meanwhile,the differentiation of Tm in different soil REE forms was compared and the reasons why Tm is enriched in soils were preliminarily discussed.

Concentration and Chemical Speciation of Heavy Metals in Sludge and Removal of Metals by Bio-surfactants Application

The concentration and chemical speciation of heavy metals including REEs （rare earth elements）, Th （thorium） and U （uranium） in domestic sludge and electroplating sludge were investigated, and those of the domestic sludge were compared with those of natural soil. Removal of heavy metals in electroplating sludge was studied with bio-surfactants （saponin and sophorolipid） by batch and column experiments. The results suggested that heavy metals have greater concentrations and exist as more relatively unstable fraction in sludge than those in Natural soil. Nonionic saponin is more efficient than sophorolipid for the removal of heavy metals from the electroplating sludge, and mainly reacts with carbonate state （i.e., F3） and Fe-Mn oxide state （i.e., F5） fractions. The recovery efficiency of heavy metals in leachates from the electroplate sludge was attained 88%-97%. Saponin can be reused and be a promising and cost-effective material for the removal of heavy metals in sludge.

Fractionation characteristics of rare earth elements(REEs) linked with secondary Fe, Mn, and Al minerals in soils

Soil secondary minerals are important scavengers of rare earth elements(REEs) in soils and thus affect geochemical behavior and occurrence of REEs. The fractionation of REEs is a common geochemical phenomenon in soils but has received little attention, especially fractionation induced by secondary minerals. In this study, REEs(La to Lu and Y) associated with soil-abundant secondary minerals Fe-, Al-, and Mn-oxides in 196 soil samples were investigated to explore the fractionation and anomalies of REEs related to the minerals. The results show right-inclined chondrite-normalized REE patterns for La–Lu in soils subjected to total soil digestion and partial soil extraction. Light REEs(LREEs) enrichment features were negatively correlated with a Eu anomaly and positively correlated with a Ce anomaly. The fractionation between LREEs and heavy REEs(HREEs) was attributed to the high adsorption affinity of LREEs to secondary minerals and the preferred activation/leaching of HREEs.The substantial fractions of REEs in soils extracted byoxalate and Dithionite-Citrate-Bicarbonate buffer solutions were labile(10 %–30 %), which were similar to the mass fraction of Fe(10 %–20 %). Furthermore, Eu was found to be more mobile than the other REEs in the soils, whereas Ce was less mobile. These results add to our understanding of the distribution and geochemical behavior of REEs in soils, and also help to deduce the conditions of soil formation from REE fractionation.

Effects of topography and vegetation on distribution of rare earth elements in calcareous soils

This study investigated the impact of topography and vegetation on distribution of rare earth elements(REEs)in calcareous soils using methods of single extraction and mass balance calculation. The purposes of the study were to set a basis for further research on the biogeochemical REE cycle and to provide references for soil–water conservation and REE-containing fertilizer amendments. The results show a generally flat Post-Archean Average Australian Shale—normalized REE pattern for the studied calcareous soils. REE enrichment varied widely. The proportion of acidsoluble phases of heavy REEs was higher than that of light REEs. From top to bottom of the studied hills, dominant REE sources transitioned from limestone in-situ weathering to input from REE-containing phases(e.g., clay minerals,amorphous iron, REE-containing fluids). Our results indicate that the REE content of calcareous soils is mainly controlled by slope aspect, while the enrichment degree of REEs is related to geomorphological position and vegetation type.Furthermore, the proportion of acid-soluble phases of REEs is mainly controlled by geomorphological position.

Interactions Between Exogenous Rare Earth Elements and Phosphorus Leaching in Packed Soil Columns

Rare earth elements （REEs） increasingly used in agriculture as an amendment for crop growth may help to lessen environmental losses of phosphorus （P） from heavily fertilized soils. The vertical transport characteristics of P and REEs, lanthanum （La）, neodymium （Nd）, samarium （Sin）, and cerium （Ce）, were investigated with addition of exogenous REEs at various doses to packed soil columns （20 cm deep）. Vertical transfers of REEs and P were relatively small, with transport depths less than 6 cm for most REEs and P. Export of applied REEs in leachate accounted for less that 5% of inputs. The addition of Ce, Nd and Sm to soil columns significantly decreased concentrations of extractable soil P up to a depth of 4 cm, with soil P concentrations unaffected at depths 〉 4 cm. In general, REEs had little effect on the vertical leaching of P in packed soil columns.