On the software module, this paper proposes a visual specification language(VSL). Based on decomposition, the language imitates men's thinking procedure that decomposes aproblem into smaller ones, then independent...On the software module, this paper proposes a visual specification language(VSL). Based on decomposition, the language imitates men's thinking procedure that decomposes aproblem into smaller ones, then independently solves the results of every small problem to get theresult of original problem (decomposition and synthesis). Besides, the language mixes visual withspecification. With computer supporting, we can implement the software module automatically. It willgreatly improve the quality of software and raise the efficiency of software development. Thesimple definition of VSL, the principle of auto-generation, an example and the future research areintroduced.展开更多
Hepatitis C virus（HCV）-specific CD8^＋ T cells play an important role in the resolution of HCV infection. Nevertheless, during chronic hepatitis C these cells lack their effector functions and fail to control the vi...Hepatitis C virus（HCV）-specific CD8^＋ T cells play an important role in the resolution of HCV infection. Nevertheless, during chronic hepatitis C these cells lack their effector functions and fail to control the virus. HCV has developed several mechanisms to escape immune control. One of these strategies is the upregulation of negative co-stimulatory molecules such us programmed death-1 （PD-1）. This molecule is upregulated on intrahepatic and peripheral HCV-specific cytotoxic T cells during acute and chronic phases of the disease, whereas PD-1 expression is low in resolved infection. PD-1 expressing HCV-specific CD8^＋ T cells are exhausted with impairment of several effector mechanisms, such as： type-1 cytokine production, expansion ability after antigen encounter and cytotoxic ability. However, PD-1 associated exhaustion can be restored by blocking the interaction between PD-1 and its ligand （PD-L1）. After this blockade, HCV-specific CD8^＋ T cells reacquire their functionality. Nevertheless, functional restoration depends on PD-1 expression level. High PD-l-expressing intrahepatic HCV-specific CD8^＋ T cells do not restore their effector abilities after PD-1/ PD-L1 blockade. The mechanisms by which HCV is able to induce PD-1 up-regulation to escape immune control are unknown. Persistent TCR stimulation by a high level of HCV antigens could favour early PD-1 induction, but the interaction between HCV core protein and gClq receptor could also participate in this process. The PD-1/PD-L1 pathway modulation could be a therapeutic strategy, in conjunction with the regulation of others co-stimulatory pathways, in order to restore immune response aclainst HCV to succeed in clearing the infection.展开更多
With the increasing popularity of cloud computing, there is an increased de mand for cloud resources in cloud. It has be come even more urgent to find solutions to improve resource utilization. From the per spective o...With the increasing popularity of cloud computing, there is an increased de mand for cloud resources in cloud. It has be come even more urgent to find solutions to improve resource utilization. From the per spective of a cloud consumer, a cloud applica tion processes a large information flow in volving user actions that access resources, but little work has so far been devoted to research from the perspective of the interaction be tween the user and the cloud application. In this paper, we analyze the interaction in detail, and propose a general mathematical interac tion model to formulate the challenge pertain ing to storage resource allocation as an opti mization problem, focusing on minimizing both the user＇s cost and server＇s consumption. A potential response mechanism is then de signed based on the interaction model. Fur thermore, the proposed model is used to ex plore strategies when multiple users access the same file simultaneously. Additionally, an improved queuing system, namely M/ G~ oo queue with standby, is introduced. Finally, an evaluation is presented to verify the interac- tion model.展开更多
Alterations in oxidative phosphorylation resulting from mitochondriai dysfunction have long been hypothesized to be involved in tumorigenesis. Mitochondria have recently been shown to play an important role in regulat...Alterations in oxidative phosphorylation resulting from mitochondriai dysfunction have long been hypothesized to be involved in tumorigenesis. Mitochondria have recently been shown to play an important role in regulating both programmed cell death and cell proliferation. Furthermore, mitochondrial DNA （mtDNA） mutations have been found in various cancer cells. However, the role of these mtDNA mutations in tumorigenesis remains largely unknown. This review focuses on basic mitochondrial genetics, mtDNA mutations and consequential mitochondrial dysfunction associated with cancer. The potential molecular mechanisms, mediating the pathogenesis from mtDNA mutations and mitochondrial dysfunction to tumorigenesis are also discussed.展开更多
Expanded bed adsorption(EBA),a promising and practical separation technique,has been widely studied in the past two decades.The development of adsorbents for EBA process is a challenging course,with the special design...Expanded bed adsorption(EBA),a promising and practical separation technique,has been widely studied in the past two decades.The development of adsorbents for EBA process is a challenging course,with the special design and preparation according to the target molecules and specific expanded bed systems.Many types of supporting matrices for expanded bed adsorbents have been developed,and their preparation methods are being consummated gradually.These matrices are activated and then coupled with ligands to form functionalized adsorbents,including ion-exchange adsorbents,affinity adsorbents,mixed mode adsorbents,hydrophobic charge induction chromatography adsorbents and others.In this review,the preparation of the matrices for EBA process is summa-rized,and the coupling of ligands to the matrices to prepare functionalized adsorbents is discussed as well.展开更多
A series of Ru/FeOx catalysts were synthesized for the selective hydrogenation of CO2to CO.Detailed characterizations of the catalysts through X‐ray diffraction,X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy,transmission electron...A series of Ru/FeOx catalysts were synthesized for the selective hydrogenation of CO2to CO.Detailed characterizations of the catalysts through X‐ray diffraction,X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy,transmission electron microscopy,and temperature‐programmed techniques were performed to directly monitor the surface chemical properties and the catalytic performance to elucidate the reaction mechanism.Highly dispersed Ru species were observed on the surface of FeOx regardless of the initial Ru loading.Varying the Ru loading resulted in changes to the Ru coverage over the FeOx surface,which had a significant impact on the interaction between Ru and adsorbed H,and concomitantly,the H2activation capacity via the ability for H2dissociation.FeOx having0.01%of Ru loading exhibited100%selectivity toward CO resulting from the very strong interaction between Ru and adsorbed H,which limits the desorption of the activated H species and hinders over‐reduction of CO to CH4.Further increasing the Ru loading of the catalysts to above0.01%resulted in the adsorbed H to be easily dissociated,as a result of a weaker interaction with Ru,which allowed excessive CO reduction to produce CH4.Understanding how to selectively design the catalyst by tuning the initial loading of the active phase has broader implications on the design of supported metal catalysts toward preparing liquid fuels from CO2.?2018,Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences toward preparing liquid fuels from CO2.?2018,Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences.Published by Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.展开更多
Polyoxometalates(POMs) are a class of molecular metal oxides, showing numerous applications in various chemical processes due to their unique acid/base and redox features. By adjusting the tunable molecular structures...Polyoxometalates(POMs) are a class of molecular metal oxides, showing numerous applications in various chemical processes due to their unique acid/base and redox features. By adjusting the tunable molecular structures of the anions and counter cations, plenty of POM-based ionic liquids(POM-based ILs) have been fabricated to be used in various fields, such as catalysis, structural chemistry and material science. As a class of excellent catalysts, POM-based ILs have shown advantages in the emerging field of CO_2 utilization such as CO_2 capture, cycloaddition of CO_2 to epoxides, and reduction of CO_2, owing to the efficient activation of CO_2 by POM anions. This review summarizes recent advances in the catalysis of POM-based ILs, and particularly highlights the areas that are related to CO_2 conversion.展开更多
Synthetic macrocycles, a typical type of building block for molecular recognition and self-assembly, are crucial to supramolecular chemistry and materials science. Since 2008, a new generation of synthetic macrocyclic...Synthetic macrocycles, a typical type of building block for molecular recognition and self-assembly, are crucial to supramolecular chemistry and materials science. Since 2008, a new generation of synthetic macrocyclic hosts, pillarenes and their abundant derivatives, which consist of hydroquinone units linked by methylene bridges at 2,5-positions, have been the focus of much research. Numerous studies on their host-guest properties and the fabrication of supramolecular assemblies have demon- strated that pillarenes and their derivatives possess many advantages that facilitate their applications in many research fields. Herein we summarize and classitfy the applications of pillarenes in terms of artificial transmembrane channels, controlled delivery systems, dispersion of carbon hybrid materials, extraction and absorption, liquid crystals, metal-organic frameworks, sensing and detection, stabilization of nanoparticles （Au/Ag/CdTe）, and other typical biological applications. We also provide an overview of future developments in pillarene chemistry.展开更多
文摘On the software module, this paper proposes a visual specification language(VSL). Based on decomposition, the language imitates men's thinking procedure that decomposes aproblem into smaller ones, then independently solves the results of every small problem to get theresult of original problem (decomposition and synthesis). Besides, the language mixes visual withspecification. With computer supporting, we can implement the software module automatically. It willgreatly improve the quality of software and raise the efficiency of software development. Thesimple definition of VSL, the principle of auto-generation, an example and the future research areintroduced.
基金Supported by Grants from "Fiscam" J.C.C.M (Ayuda para proyectos de investigación en salud PI-2007/32)+5 种基金"Fundación de Investigación Médica Mutua Madrileń a" (Beca Ayudas a la Investigación FMMM 2548/2008) from SpainBenito-Martínez S was supported by a research grant from "Fiscam" J.C.C.M ("Perfeccionamiento y movilidad de investigadores" MOV-2007_JI/18), SpainCalvino M was supported by a research grant from "Instituto de Salud Carlos III" (Contrato de apoyo a la investigación en el SNS’’ CA07/00157), Spain
文摘Hepatitis C virus（HCV）-specific CD8^＋ T cells play an important role in the resolution of HCV infection. Nevertheless, during chronic hepatitis C these cells lack their effector functions and fail to control the virus. HCV has developed several mechanisms to escape immune control. One of these strategies is the upregulation of negative co-stimulatory molecules such us programmed death-1 （PD-1）. This molecule is upregulated on intrahepatic and peripheral HCV-specific cytotoxic T cells during acute and chronic phases of the disease, whereas PD-1 expression is low in resolved infection. PD-1 expressing HCV-specific CD8^＋ T cells are exhausted with impairment of several effector mechanisms, such as： type-1 cytokine production, expansion ability after antigen encounter and cytotoxic ability. However, PD-1 associated exhaustion can be restored by blocking the interaction between PD-1 and its ligand （PD-L1）. After this blockade, HCV-specific CD8^＋ T cells reacquire their functionality. Nevertheless, functional restoration depends on PD-1 expression level. High PD-l-expressing intrahepatic HCV-specific CD8^＋ T cells do not restore their effector abilities after PD-1/ PD-L1 blockade. The mechanisms by which HCV is able to induce PD-1 up-regulation to escape immune control are unknown. Persistent TCR stimulation by a high level of HCV antigens could favour early PD-1 induction, but the interaction between HCV core protein and gClq receptor could also participate in this process. The PD-1/PD-L1 pathway modulation could be a therapeutic strategy, in conjunction with the regulation of others co-stimulatory pathways, in order to restore immune response aclainst HCV to succeed in clearing the infection.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 61271199the Fundamental Research Funds in Beijing Jiaotong University under Grant No. W11JB00630
文摘With the increasing popularity of cloud computing, there is an increased de mand for cloud resources in cloud. It has be come even more urgent to find solutions to improve resource utilization. From the per spective of a cloud consumer, a cloud applica tion processes a large information flow in volving user actions that access resources, but little work has so far been devoted to research from the perspective of the interaction be tween the user and the cloud application. In this paper, we analyze the interaction in detail, and propose a general mathematical interac tion model to formulate the challenge pertain ing to storage resource allocation as an opti mization problem, focusing on minimizing both the user＇s cost and server＇s consumption. A potential response mechanism is then de signed based on the interaction model. Fur thermore, the proposed model is used to ex plore strategies when multiple users access the same file simultaneously. Additionally, an improved queuing system, namely M/ G~ oo queue with standby, is introduced. Finally, an evaluation is presented to verify the interac- tion model.
文摘Alterations in oxidative phosphorylation resulting from mitochondriai dysfunction have long been hypothesized to be involved in tumorigenesis. Mitochondria have recently been shown to play an important role in regulating both programmed cell death and cell proliferation. Furthermore, mitochondrial DNA （mtDNA） mutations have been found in various cancer cells. However, the role of these mtDNA mutations in tumorigenesis remains largely unknown. This review focuses on basic mitochondrial genetics, mtDNA mutations and consequential mitochondrial dysfunction associated with cancer. The potential molecular mechanisms, mediating the pathogenesis from mtDNA mutations and mitochondrial dysfunction to tumorigenesis are also discussed.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （20876139, 20776129） and the National Basic Research Program of China （2007CB707805）.
文摘Expanded bed adsorption(EBA),a promising and practical separation technique,has been widely studied in the past two decades.The development of adsorbents for EBA process is a challenging course,with the special design and preparation according to the target molecules and specific expanded bed systems.Many types of supporting matrices for expanded bed adsorbents have been developed,and their preparation methods are being consummated gradually.These matrices are activated and then coupled with ligands to form functionalized adsorbents,including ion-exchange adsorbents,affinity adsorbents,mixed mode adsorbents,hydrophobic charge induction chromatography adsorbents and others.In this review,the preparation of the matrices for EBA process is summa-rized,and the coupling of ligands to the matrices to prepare functionalized adsorbents is discussed as well.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21476145,91645117)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2016M600221)~~
文摘A series of Ru/FeOx catalysts were synthesized for the selective hydrogenation of CO2to CO.Detailed characterizations of the catalysts through X‐ray diffraction,X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy,transmission electron microscopy,and temperature‐programmed techniques were performed to directly monitor the surface chemical properties and the catalytic performance to elucidate the reaction mechanism.Highly dispersed Ru species were observed on the surface of FeOx regardless of the initial Ru loading.Varying the Ru loading resulted in changes to the Ru coverage over the FeOx surface,which had a significant impact on the interaction between Ru and adsorbed H,and concomitantly,the H2activation capacity via the ability for H2dissociation.FeOx having0.01%of Ru loading exhibited100%selectivity toward CO resulting from the very strong interaction between Ru and adsorbed H,which limits the desorption of the activated H species and hinders over‐reduction of CO to CH4.Further increasing the Ru loading of the catalysts to above0.01%resulted in the adsorbed H to be easily dissociated,as a result of a weaker interaction with Ru,which allowed excessive CO reduction to produce CH4.Understanding how to selectively design the catalyst by tuning the initial loading of the active phase has broader implications on the design of supported metal catalysts toward preparing liquid fuels from CO2.?2018,Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences toward preparing liquid fuels from CO2.?2018,Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences.Published by Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21472103)the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (20130031110013)+1 种基金the Ministry of Education Innovation Team (IRT13022) of Chinathe "111" Project of Ministry of Education of China (B06005)
文摘Polyoxometalates(POMs) are a class of molecular metal oxides, showing numerous applications in various chemical processes due to their unique acid/base and redox features. By adjusting the tunable molecular structures of the anions and counter cations, plenty of POM-based ionic liquids(POM-based ILs) have been fabricated to be used in various fields, such as catalysis, structural chemistry and material science. As a class of excellent catalysts, POM-based ILs have shown advantages in the emerging field of CO_2 utilization such as CO_2 capture, cycloaddition of CO_2 to epoxides, and reduction of CO_2, owing to the efficient activation of CO_2 by POM anions. This review summarizes recent advances in the catalysis of POM-based ILs, and particularly highlights the areas that are related to CO_2 conversion.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21272093)the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China(20120061120117)the Innovation Program of the State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials at Jilin University
文摘Synthetic macrocycles, a typical type of building block for molecular recognition and self-assembly, are crucial to supramolecular chemistry and materials science. Since 2008, a new generation of synthetic macrocyclic hosts, pillarenes and their abundant derivatives, which consist of hydroquinone units linked by methylene bridges at 2,5-positions, have been the focus of much research. Numerous studies on their host-guest properties and the fabrication of supramolecular assemblies have demon- strated that pillarenes and their derivatives possess many advantages that facilitate their applications in many research fields. Herein we summarize and classitfy the applications of pillarenes in terms of artificial transmembrane channels, controlled delivery systems, dispersion of carbon hybrid materials, extraction and absorption, liquid crystals, metal-organic frameworks, sensing and detection, stabilization of nanoparticles （Au/Ag/CdTe）, and other typical biological applications. We also provide an overview of future developments in pillarene chemistry.
