Repeat Sequences and Base Correlations in Human Y Chromosome Palindromes

On the basis of information theory and statistical methods, we use mutual information, n- tuple entropy and conditional entropy, combined with biological characteristics, to analyze the long range correlation and short range correlation in human Y chromosome palindromes. The magnitude distribution of the long range correlation which can be reflected by the mutual information is PS〉PSa〉PSb （P5a and P5b are the sequences that replace solely Alu repeats and all interspersed repeats with random uneorrelated sequences in human Y chromosome palindrome 5, respectively）; and the magnitude distribution of the short range correlation which can be reflected by the n-tuple entropy and the conditional entropy is PS〉P5a〉PSb〉random uncorrelated sequence. In other words, when the Alu repeats and all interspersed repeats replace with random uneorrelated sequence, the long range and short range correlation decrease gradually. However, the random nncorrelated sequence has no correlation. This research indicates that more repeat sequences result in stronger correlation between bases in human Y chromosome. The analyses may be helpful to understand the special structures of human Y chromosome palindromes profoundly.

Quantitative Characteristics of Patentable Applications in Japan： An Analysis Using Bibliographic Information of Application Documents

This study examined Japanese patents in terms of the quantitative characteristics of application documents that resulted in the acquisition of rights in order to clarify the relationship between the features and patentability of applications. The groups of approved applications and those that had not been approved were compared for 12 variables： publication time lag; numbers of inventors, classifications, pages, figures, tables, claims, priority claims, countries for priority claims, cited patents, and cited non-patent documents; and median of citation age. Furthermore, the authors carried out the experiments in which patent applications were automatically classified into two groups by the machine learning method, random forests. As a result, statistically significant differences between the two groups were observed for the following variables （p 〈 .001）： the numbers of inventors, pages, figures, claims, priority claims, and countries for priority claims were significantly larger in the group of approved applications, while the time lag until publication was smaller. In particular, the publication time lag and the numbers of inventors, pages, and figures were variables representing the features that largely contribute to discriminating approved applications in the classification using random forests, which implies that these have relatively strong relationships with patentability.

User Identification Based on Multiple Attribute Decision Making in Social Networks

Social networks are becoming increasingly popular and influential,and users are frequently registered on multiple networks simultaneously,in many cases leaving large quantities of personal information on each network.There is also a trend towards the personalization of web applications;to do this,the applications need to acquire information about the particular user.To maximise the use of the various sets of user information distributed on the web,this paper proposes a method to support the reuse and sharing of user profiles by different applications,and is based on user profile integration.To realize this goal,the initial task is user identification,and this forms the focus of the current paper.A new user identification method based on Multiple Attribute Decision Making(MADM) is described in which a subjective weight-directed objective weighting,which is obtained from the Similarity Weight method,is proposed to determine the relative weights of the common properties.Attribute Synthetic Evaluation is used to determine the equivalence of users.Experimental results show that the method is both feasible and effective despite the incompleteness of the candidate user dataset.

Translation as a Cross-cultural Phenomenon ＂The Country of Miracles＂ in Translation

The article constitutes an attempt to depict the complexity of translation as a cross-cultural phenomenon. It discusses the author＇s own translation of ＂Kraj cud6w＂--one of Jerzy Pilch＇s feature articles from the collection Pociqg do ~,ycia wiecznego （The Train to Eternal Life） and aims at answering the following question： which translation procedures that deal with culturemes are the most frequently applied and prevalent in the presented sample of the translation？ In the contrastive analysis Peter Newmark＇s translation procedures have been used. Moreover, the aim of the article is to describe translation as a cross-cultural phenomenon and discuss a person of a translator as an intercultural link.

The Arckitbuilding Bricks as a Didactic Tool for Experimentation in Architectural Design： Possibilities and Limitations

This article deals with the usage of building bricks as a didactic material for the development of architectural design. The building brick game chosen for analysis was the Arckit, since it is suitable for the architectural practice. It is estimated that this game can contribute to the design, representation and presentation of projects. In order to investigate in which aspects Arckit presents possibilities of applications, as well as limitations of use, the article approaches the importance of building bricks as a didactic tool and its use in the field of the architectural design process. From a literature review and an empirical experience, this article reports a qualitative research, where the applicability of the Arckit game was checked. Through a critical reflection based on that experience, it was possible to conclude that whereas its limitations to urban form and linked to the formal vocabulary that composes the grammar of these bricks, the Arckit building bricks represent in architecture a playful and experimental way to think and design, fomenting the creativity and the spatial perception, resulting in a particular experience that can make architecture better connected with dreams and joy.

Why do they ask? An exploratory study of crowd discussions about Android application programming interface in stack overflow

Nowadays,more and more Android developers prefer to seek help from Q&A website like Stack Overflow,despite the rich official documentation.Several researches have studied the limitations of the official application programming interface(API)documentations and proposed approaches to improve them.However,few of them digged into the requirements of the third-party developers to study this.In this work,we gain insight into this question from multidimensional perspectives of API developers and API users by a kind of cross-validation.We propose a hybrid approach,which combines manual inspection on artifacts and online survey on corresponding developers,to explore the different focus between these two types of stakeholders.In our work,we manually inspect 1000 posts and receive 319 questionnaires in total.Through the mutual verification of the inspection and survey process,we found that the users are more concerned with the usage of API,while the official documentation mainly provides functional description.Furthermore,we identified 9 flaws of the official documentation and summarized 12 aspects(from the content to the representation)for promotion to improve the official API documentations.

Teaching Writing to EFL/ESP Arab Learners： A Socioculturally Based Approach

Teaching writing to Arab EFL learners in general, and to students who have never been exposed to an Anglo-Saxon foreign language in particular in institutions of higher education, through incorporating culturally meaningful learning materials, can actually be enjoyable and fruitful. However, it can also be very challenging given the sociocultural and linguistic background of the learners as well as other factors related to the nature of the imported teaching materials from overseas. The challenge then is identifying and selecting materials for each particular class, as well as how to get students motivated and successfully engaged in the process of writing. This paper enlightens educators and language programs managers and planners about the mechanism of the writing process while incorporating the cultural components relevant to the learner, as well as drawing their attention to the benefits of engaging students in the actual process of writing and boosting their motivation via a meaningful socioculturally based approach.

Black Pine Afforestations in Abruzzo （Central Italy）： Perspectives and Management

In Italy, the hydro-geological protection of the Apennine territories is a well-known issue. For this reason, at the end of the 19th century, a new reforestation technique was proposed by the Inspector of Forest Service, Pietro Montanari to cope with difficult soil conditions of the mountain areas. This new approach was the first application of the so-called ＂gradoni＂ （small terraces） method of soil preparation. Each ＂gradone＂ was 100-120 cm wide and made with a slight counter slope （ca 10-15 degrees） to promote the accumulation of water and organic matter. Along each ＂gradone＂, bare root black pine seedlings （Pinus nigra Am.） were planted at a distance of 1 m from each other with a density of more than 3,000/ha. Nowadays, 19,158 hectares of black pine forests are growing in the Apennine of the Abruzzi region, largely resulting from those reforestation projects realized since the beginning of the 20th century. A case study of Monte Plaia （42°00′ 12″ N 13°53′39″ E）, that illustrates the situation after 70-110 years in consequence of lacking of silvicultural treatment and the application of aforest restoration method is presented.

Healthcare interprofessional team members' perspectives on human caring: A directed content analysis study

Objectives:As Watson's Human Caring Theory continues to evolve and guide the discipline of nursing,the challenge is to find ways to integrate it into practice.The purpose of this study is to describe interprofessional team members'perspectives on human caring based on the Ten Caritas Processes(R)/Caritas-Veritas Literacy of Watson's Human Caring Theory within the Unitary Caring Science.Methods:This is a qualitative directed content analysis study,taking place in a Children's Hospital in the United States between November 2017 and April 2018.Information redundancy was utilized to guide the recruitment.Data were collected via a one-time face-to-face individual interview.A qualitative directed content analysis was conducted using Watson's Ten Caritas Processes(R)/Caritas-Veritas Literacy as a coding framework.Results:Twenty-seven healthcare professionals participated in the study.Interprofessional human caring,based on the Ten Caritas Processes(R)/Caritas-Veritas Literacy,was referred to as performing lovingkindness to patients,each other,and self;maintaining faith-hope in teamwork;valuing intersubjective interactions and building trust among team members;cultivating heart-centered-caring relations;acknowledging and processing positive and negative feelings non-judgmentally;applying all ways of knowing in caring;encouraging reciprocal teaching-learning;developing caring-healing environments collaboratively;respecting human dignity of patients and each other;and being open-minded to the unknowns and believing in miracles.Conclusions:Watson's Human Caring Theory can be an underlying guide to enrich human-to-human relations and create a caring-healing environment.When human caring is applied in interprofessional teams,healthcare professionals find a caring consciousness to care for oneself and each other and promote patient care.

Context-Aware Scheduling Algorithm in Smart Home System

The main idea of pervasive computing is to make computing exist everywhere in the physical world.The smart home system is an important realisation of pervasive computing whose aim is to provide system users with an intelligent life experience.The key technique used to realise this is context awareness.Contexts in the living space can provide large amounts of information regarding users’behaviours and habits.Together with an information system,it can automatically execute many common operations of applications,instead of users,and can make the applications"smart".However,since contexts in the environment are diverse and sensitive,it is difficult to choose the ones that are most useful to the users’current activity.A proper scheduling strategy should first consider the users’demand.This paper proposes a context-aware scheduling algorithm that is based on correlation,with the purpose of improving the utilization rate of context collections.Experiments show that with the priority based on correlation in low-level contexts,the scheduling of reasoning tasks can reduce the cost of transmission.

The Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene/Montmorillonite (UHMWPE/MMT) Nanocomposites Hybrid Gel Using Pressure-Induced Flow (PIF) Processing

Hybrid organic-inorganic polymer nanocomposites incorporating organically modified montmorillonite (MMT) and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) were examined. UHMWPE/MMT hybrid nanocomposites were prepared using gel and pressure-induced flow(PIF) processing methods at a gel weight concentration of 8% UHMWPE with various organoclay contents (0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, and 1.6 parts per hundred parts). The interlayer properties of the nanocomposites were studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The thermal and mechanical interfacial properties of the nanocomposites were investigated through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and the use of a universal test machine (UTM). TEM indicates that the nanocomposites are formed upon dispersion of MMT in the polymer matrix. From the DSC, TGA, and DMA results, we find that the thermal stability of the UHMWPE nanocomposites increases as the MMT content increases. The nanocomposites show higher tensile strengths than pure UHMWPE gel sheet. These findings indicate that the interfacial and mechanical properties are improved by the addition of MMT and PIF processing.

Information and Communication Technologies： A Way to Reduce Digital Illiteracy

The teaching-learning process may have several obstacles; one of those would be a cultural situation of students. When the author refers to cultural situation, the author means the language or dialect that they speak. In the state of Puebla, Mexico, there are primary schools where the courses are taught to students who do not speak Spanish and they only speak their own dialect. On the other hand, the use of information and communication technologies in primary schools in Puebla is a fact but a main concern in schools is that the languages in which they are operated are Spanish. To analyze this situation, the author finds that turns out to be very important and with a negative effect on both the implementation and acceptance of a multimedia program in these schools, generating a technological gap between students. The government efforts are decimated because of this cultural divide prevalent in many communities in the state of Puebla and the increase of this situation when considering the illiterate population.

A Study on Semantic Coherence in Discourse Translation from the Perspective of Thematic Progression Patterns

This paper discusses the semantic coherence in discourse translation from the perspective of thematic progression, and holds that in translating a discourse the translator should spare no effort to retain the original thematic progression pattern in the target text, but when the original thematic progression pattern cannot be directly retained, the translator should construct his own thematic structure and substitute progression pattern in the target text, thus to make it as readable as the original text without distorting the original information structure. This paper also attempts to explore the circumstances under which the original thematic progression pattern can be retained and the substitute should be reconstructed.

Secure Network Coding Against Intra/Inter-Generation Pollution Attacks

By allowing routers to combine the received packets before forwarding them,network coding-based applications are susceptible to possible malicious pollution attacks.Existing solutions for counteracting this issue either incur inter-generation pollution attacks(among multiple generations)or suffer high computation/bandwidth overhead.Using a dynamic public key technique,we propose a novel homomorphic signature scheme for network coding for each generation authentication without updating the initial secret key used.As per this idea,the secret key is scrambled for each generation by using the generation identifier,and each packet can be fast signed using the scrambled secret key for the generation to which the packet belongs.The scheme not only can resist intra-generation pollution attacks effectively but also can efficiently prevent inter-generation pollution attacks.Further,the communication overhead of the scheme is small and independent of the size of the transmitting files.

A distributed software architecture design framework based on attributed grammar

Software architectures shift the focus of developers from lines-of-code to coarser-grained architectural elements and their overall interconnection structure. There are, however, many features of the distributed software that make the developing methods of distributed software quite different from the traditional ways. Furthermore, the traditional centralized ways with fixed interfaces cannot adapt to the flexible requirements of distributed software. In this paper, the attributed grammar (AG) is extended to refine the characters of distributed software, and a distributed software architecture description language (DSADL) based on attributed grammar is introduced, and then a model of integrated environment for software architecture design is proposed. It can be demonstrated by the practice that DSADL can help the programmers to analyze and design distributed software effectively, so the efficiency of the development can be improved greatly.

Streamlining the Writing and Tutoring Process of English Major Theses With Stringent Tasks and Procedures

English thesis writing and tutoring process is traditionally loose and open-ended. Both students and teachers enjoy much liberty in the maneuver of different steps in the whole process, which, as it were, may cause a series of problems and dissatisfactions, consequently undermining the quality and significance. This paper is intended to explore a streamlined and systematic procedure to ensure both the students and teachers are doing their bit and make due contribution to the thesis perfection.

Localization of Free Verse in China： A Case Study of Bing Xin＇s Short Poems

Intercultures play an important role in localization of translation. They are the essential reference resources for those who are translators as well as writers in their literary translation or creation. Translators contribute to the extension of source culture and in target culture by means ofintercultures to form new localized cultural paradigms. Bing Xin＇ s creation of the short free verse in the vernacular Chinese was influenced by Hu shih＇s new literature ideas and Zheng Zhenduo＇s translation of Stray Birds, a famous poetry anthology of Tagore. Through her translation, she borrowed new literary paradigms from foreign languages and successfully converted them into more acceptable ones in Chinese new literature. The paper, from the perspectives of Localization and Intercultures by Anthony Pym, explores the effects which Hu Shih and Zheng Zhenduo made upon Bing Xin＇s poetry translation and creation in the trend of poetry localization in the May Fourth Movement, and analyzes the interactions between Bing Xin＇s poetry creation and her poetry translation.

Screening Programs for Cervical Cancer： Investigation ＂SWOT＂ in Calabria

（Screening programs for cervical cancer： a ＂SWOT＂ investigation in the Calabria Region）---The low adherence to screening programs for cervical cancer in Calabria, was analyzed by performing a SWOT analysis with concerned health professionals. The survey shows that screening organized in Calabria is active and well regulated, the human and financial resources are scarce and the healthcare management has paid little attention to the prevention of women＇s cancers. In the perspective of a necessary improvement of the regional system of screening, it would be appropriate to enable promotion strategies and more effective communication, overcoming possible cultural factors hindering.

The Impacts of Tax Procedures Reform on Business Environment in Vietnam： Achievements and Further Reforms

Tax procedures are factors that strongly affect the business environment. A simple and convenient tax procedures system will contribute to a good business environment by easing of tax returns preparation, reducing tax compliance costs, and preventing corruption. This paper examines the results and impacts of previous tax procedures reform on Vietnam＇s business environment, identifies challenges of tax procedures reform now and the coming years, and discusses areas where further reforms are needed to sustain tax revenue and reduce compliance costs including： （1） wansparent and comprehensive guidance to all tax laws and other legal tax documents; （2） widening the application of risk management in tax administration; （3） continuing simplification of tax procedures; and （4） development of IT in tax administration.

A Packet I/O Architecture for Shell Script-based Packet Processing

We propose a new scripting model for rapid and easier development of packet processing using shell scripts. In this paper we present EtherPIPE, a character network I/O device, that allows the programmer to access network traffic data as a file through UNIX commands. By setting a UNIX pipe ＂r＇ from or to EtherP1PE＇s output or input with UNIX commands, packets can be easily processed, executing functions such as packet filtering, packet capturing, generating arbitrary packets, and rewriting header information. In order to prove the utilities of our model, we have developed FPGA-based EtherPIPE adapter using a commodity FPGA card and a character device driver featuring new offloading functions. With our prototype implementation, packet scripting works at 1Gbps wire-speed, receiving packets with precise hardware timestamps. This paper argues for use cases of the EtherPIPE, and discusses enhanced formats of character devices for easier network scripting.）