For the further design of the particular gearbox components, the alternating cycles of the respective application mean an often insufficient knowledge of the actual loads occuring in use. Especially for the applicatio...For the further design of the particular gearbox components, the alternating cycles of the respective application mean an often insufficient knowledge of the actual loads occuring in use. Especially for the application within lifting units, such dynamic load cycles are very difficult to pre-estimate. The so-called slack rope test represents the most critical point in the load cycle and provides a special challenge for the gearbox design. Because of this missing expert knowledge, a test bench of such an application is installed and applied to practical movement cycles. Besides the test bench, a multi-body simulation model of the whole system is mapped within the MBS （multi-body simulation） environment SIMPACK. To verify this simulation model, the results are compared with the respective measurements of the test bench. These comparisons show very good agreements. Thus, one of the major advantages of using such simulation tools is the possibility to re-evaluate the internal and external loads during the whole design process. Finally, these simulations serve as a clarification of the load spectrum of the different drivetrain components. Gearbox series or different modifications of the design can now be analyzed prospectively without extensive testing.展开更多
Environmental impacts of using various sources of energy in heating a family house with 180 m2 of floor surface were compared by means of the SimaPro computer programme and attached to its databases, describing the en...Environmental impacts of using various sources of energy in heating a family house with 180 m2 of floor surface were compared by means of the SimaPro computer programme and attached to its databases, describing the environmental impacts of using typical materials and technologies. The set of compared heat energy sources comprised nine different sources. After normalisation （which meant recalculating the impacts into their proportions to the average impact of the kind, experienced by an average European in a year）, weighting （which meant attaching arbitrary weights to three aggregate impact categories according to a methodology Eco-indicator 99 E/E） and summation of the weighted results expressed in so-called ecopoints, the coal combustion furnace turned out to have the greatest impact. It was followed by an electric stove and an oil burning furnace. The wood burning furnace and the heat pump had the smallest impact, almost equal in size. Results indicate that in case of renewable energy carriers like wood, straw and pellets, the total environmental hazard factor in 70% and more is derived from the respiratory harmful inorganic emissions. Extending the analysis by a LC assessment of equipment （boilers and pumps） might change the order of technologies.展开更多
The newly developed CRISPR(Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)/Cas(CRISPR-associated) system has emerged as an efficient tool for genome-editing, providing an alternative to classical mutagenesi...The newly developed CRISPR(Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)/Cas(CRISPR-associated) system has emerged as an efficient tool for genome-editing, providing an alternative to classical mutagenesis and transgenic methods to study gene function and improve crop traits. CRISPR/Cas facilitates targeted gene editing through RNA-guided DNA cleavage followed by cellular DNA repair mechanisms that introduce sequence changes at the site of cleavage. Here we describe a detailed procedure for our previously developed and highly efficient CRISPR/Cas9 method that allows the generation of heritable-targeted gene mutations andcorrections in Arabidopsis. This protocol describes the strategies and steps for the selection of targets, design of single-guide RNA(sg RNA), vector construction and analysis of transgenic lines. We also offer a method to target two loci simultaneously using vectors containing two different sg RNAs. The principles described in this protocol can be applied to other plant species to generate stably inherited DNA modifications.展开更多
文摘For the further design of the particular gearbox components, the alternating cycles of the respective application mean an often insufficient knowledge of the actual loads occuring in use. Especially for the application within lifting units, such dynamic load cycles are very difficult to pre-estimate. The so-called slack rope test represents the most critical point in the load cycle and provides a special challenge for the gearbox design. Because of this missing expert knowledge, a test bench of such an application is installed and applied to practical movement cycles. Besides the test bench, a multi-body simulation model of the whole system is mapped within the MBS （multi-body simulation） environment SIMPACK. To verify this simulation model, the results are compared with the respective measurements of the test bench. These comparisons show very good agreements. Thus, one of the major advantages of using such simulation tools is the possibility to re-evaluate the internal and external loads during the whole design process. Finally, these simulations serve as a clarification of the load spectrum of the different drivetrain components. Gearbox series or different modifications of the design can now be analyzed prospectively without extensive testing.
文摘Environmental impacts of using various sources of energy in heating a family house with 180 m2 of floor surface were compared by means of the SimaPro computer programme and attached to its databases, describing the environmental impacts of using typical materials and technologies. The set of compared heat energy sources comprised nine different sources. After normalisation （which meant recalculating the impacts into their proportions to the average impact of the kind, experienced by an average European in a year）, weighting （which meant attaching arbitrary weights to three aggregate impact categories according to a methodology Eco-indicator 99 E/E） and summation of the weighted results expressed in so-called ecopoints, the coal combustion furnace turned out to have the greatest impact. It was followed by an electric stove and an oil burning furnace. The wood burning furnace and the heat pump had the smallest impact, almost equal in size. Results indicate that in case of renewable energy carriers like wood, straw and pellets, the total environmental hazard factor in 70% and more is derived from the respiratory harmful inorganic emissions. Extending the analysis by a LC assessment of equipment （boilers and pumps） might change the order of technologies.
基金supported by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and China Scholarship Council(201206050103)
文摘The newly developed CRISPR(Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)/Cas(CRISPR-associated) system has emerged as an efficient tool for genome-editing, providing an alternative to classical mutagenesis and transgenic methods to study gene function and improve crop traits. CRISPR/Cas facilitates targeted gene editing through RNA-guided DNA cleavage followed by cellular DNA repair mechanisms that introduce sequence changes at the site of cleavage. Here we describe a detailed procedure for our previously developed and highly efficient CRISPR/Cas9 method that allows the generation of heritable-targeted gene mutations andcorrections in Arabidopsis. This protocol describes the strategies and steps for the selection of targets, design of single-guide RNA(sg RNA), vector construction and analysis of transgenic lines. We also offer a method to target two loci simultaneously using vectors containing two different sg RNAs. The principles described in this protocol can be applied to other plant species to generate stably inherited DNA modifications.
