After a transition from the central planning into a market economy, Poland was compelled to implement a new tax system. It was based on income taxes and turnover （especially value added） taxes. Primarily income taxe...After a transition from the central planning into a market economy, Poland was compelled to implement a new tax system. It was based on income taxes and turnover （especially value added） taxes. Primarily income taxes had high tax rates. In corporate tax the rate was proportional and at the beginning amounted to 40%. For natural persons the taxation had a progressive tendency. The tax rates amounted to 21%, 33% and 45% respectively with very low limits of income, which resulted in changing the rate. Since the beginning of 1991 and 1992 till now the tax rates have been decreased significantly. Now the tax rates amount to 18% and 32% respectively with high level of income, which results in changing the rate. The question arises whether such changes were really effective for the central budget. The article formulates and verifies a hypothesis assuming that lowering the rates was justified by the contemporary ＂fashion＂ rather than economic reasons. According to financial aspects, the impact of lower rates on the central budged will be examined.展开更多
Problems caused by the income distribution gap arises widespread attention in current theorists, sector and folk. Requiring adjustment of income distribution gap is growing from various aspects and this article attemp...Problems caused by the income distribution gap arises widespread attention in current theorists, sector and folk. Requiring adjustment of income distribution gap is growing from various aspects and this article attempts to investigate theoretical level of influence in government regulating income distribution gap, mainly involving the government and the blur, efficiency loss in market boundaries, the deficit effects and other aspects of government failure. We strive to prevent the possible deviations of goverrmaent in the implementation of the regulation, expect to deepen understanding and promote the practice for some benefit.展开更多
文摘After a transition from the central planning into a market economy, Poland was compelled to implement a new tax system. It was based on income taxes and turnover （especially value added） taxes. Primarily income taxes had high tax rates. In corporate tax the rate was proportional and at the beginning amounted to 40%. For natural persons the taxation had a progressive tendency. The tax rates amounted to 21%, 33% and 45% respectively with very low limits of income, which resulted in changing the rate. Since the beginning of 1991 and 1992 till now the tax rates have been decreased significantly. Now the tax rates amount to 18% and 32% respectively with high level of income, which results in changing the rate. The question arises whether such changes were really effective for the central budget. The article formulates and verifies a hypothesis assuming that lowering the rates was justified by the contemporary ＂fashion＂ rather than economic reasons. According to financial aspects, the impact of lower rates on the central budged will be examined.
文摘Problems caused by the income distribution gap arises widespread attention in current theorists, sector and folk. Requiring adjustment of income distribution gap is growing from various aspects and this article attempts to investigate theoretical level of influence in government regulating income distribution gap, mainly involving the government and the blur, efficiency loss in market boundaries, the deficit effects and other aspects of government failure. We strive to prevent the possible deviations of goverrmaent in the implementation of the regulation, expect to deepen understanding and promote the practice for some benefit.
