气相色谱测定稻米中农药残留的净化处理方法的比较研究

为有效地用气相色谱法监测稻米中的农药残留量，改进提取及净化方法，向稻米试样中加入１２种广泛使用的有机氯和５种有机氮磷农药，然后测定用不同净化处理方法的回收率。这些处理方法是标准硅酸镁载体柱法、短硅酸镁载体柱法、碳纤维载体柱法和硅胶Ｇ载体柱法。结果显示，用一步正己烷提取，硅酸镁纯化色谱程序，然后用气相色谱———电子捕俘器能有效地测定稻米中有机氯农药和部分氮磷农药的含量。

利用BN大鼠动物模型评价S86转基因大米的致敏性

为研究S86转基因大米的致敏性 ,用BN大鼠致敏动物模型进行研究。 4 0只BN大鼠随机分为 4组 ,每组 10只 ,分别为 :阳性对照组 ,转基因大米组 ,非转基因大米组及阴性对照组。分别在第 0和第 7天 ,通过腹腔注射给予阳性对照组的大鼠 0 1mg ml卵清蛋白 (OVA) 1ml ,其它各组在相同时间腹腔注射相同剂量的生理盐水。以AIN - 93G为依据配制各组饲料 ,阳性对照组和阴性对照组大鼠饲以AIN - 93G饲料 ,转基因大米组饲以含转基因大米粉的饲料 ,非转基因大米组饲以含非转基因大米粉的饲料 ,时间为 6周。在第 2次腹腔注射OVA后 ,取血分离血浆进行组胺测定。分别在第 14、2 1、2 8、35、4 2天取血分离血清 ,测定IgG及IgE水平 ;此外 ,分别在实验前和实验后测定各组大鼠的血压。血清学实验结果显示转基因大米全食品喂饲没有激发IgG及IgE反应 ,而OVA(阳性对照组 )激发了明显的IgG及IgE反应 ;转基因大米组的组胺水平与阴性对照组及亲本对照组相比差异没有显著性 ,而阳性对照组组胺水平升高。另外转基因大米没有引起大鼠血压升高。该研究结果表明通过全食品喂饲的方式给予BN大鼠S86转基因大米没有发现该转基因大米对BN大鼠具有致敏性。

HACCP在米粉生产中的应用

为研究米粉生产过程中的质量控制,提高米粉的安全性。进行了米粉生产过程中的危害分析和关键控制点(HACCP)管理体系分析,对米粉生产而言,主要危害包括:生物性危害、化学性危害、物理性危害、品质危害。关键控制点包括:原料质量控制、大米浸泡、复蒸、烘干、分装。将HACCP应用于米粉的生产过程,是确保米粉安全性的有效措施。

Starch RVA Profile Properties for Cold Tolerant and Sensitive Cultivars of Japonica Rice at Different Altitudes

[Objective] By investigating of change rule rice starch RVA profile properties and the influence of cold tolerance on rice quality,the aim was to provide scientific references to the breeding of new cold-tolerant japonica rice varieties with high quality in the Yunnan plateau.[Method] Four cold-tolerant and five cold-sensitive japonica rice cultivars were grown at three locations with different altitudes in Yunnan plateau to investigate rice starch RVA profile characteristics.[Result] The results showed that with increasing altitude,the setback viscosity in cold-sensitive cultivars increased significantly,while the peak viscosity and breakdown viscosity decreased significantly.However,the peak viscosity and breakdown viscosity in cold-tolerant cultivars initially decreased and then gradually increased with rising altitude,whereas the setback viscosity initially increased and then decreased.[Conclusion] The starch RVA parameters of cold-tolerant cultivars were less sensitive to different environments than those of cold-sensitive cultivars.Cooking and eating quality of cold-tolerant cultivars had relatively stable trends with rising altitude,whereas cooking and eating quality of cold-sensitive cultivars had a trend toward inferior.

Effects of Different Sowing Dates and Sites on Starch RVA Profile Characteristics of Different Ecotypes of Rice (Oryza sativa, L. japonica)

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of different sowing dates and sites on starch RVA profile characteristics of different ecotypes of japonica rice. [Method] Five different ecotypes of japonica rice were sown at seven different dates in four rice planting regions in Jiangsu Province to analyze the differences in starch RVA profile parameters among different rice varieties. [Result] Among eight parameters of rice starch RVA profile, peak time exhibited no significant differences among different sites, while other seven parameters varied significantly or extremely significantly among different sites, sowing dates and varieties. Specifically, rice variety exerted the most significant effects on rice starch RVA profile parameters. Starch RVA profile characteristics varied significantly among different ecological conditions but exhibited no significant differences among different latitudes. To be specific, in different sites, peak viscosity （PKV）, hot paste viscosity （HPV） and breakdown viscosity （BDV） demonstrated a descending order of Huai＇an 〉 Suzhou 〉 Lianyungang 〉 Yangzhou. Cool paste viscosity （CPV） and consistence viscosity （CSV） were higher in the north than in the south; specifically, CPV and CSV were significantly higher in Lianyungang and Huai＇an than in Yangzhou and Suzhou. Setback viscosity （SBV） showed an increasing trend with increasing latitude; specifically, SBV was significantly lower in Suzhou than in other three sites. Pasting temperature （PAT） and peak time （PET） changed slightly among different latitudes. With the postponing of sowing date, peak viscosity （PKV）, hot paste viscosity （HPV）, cool paste viscosity （CPV） and peak time （PET） showed a decreasing trend, setback viscosity （SBV） and consistence viscosity （CSV） increased, breakdown viscosity （BDV） increased first and then decreased, whereas pasting temperature （PAT） decreased first and then increased. Furthermore, rice starch RVA profile parameters showed the same variation trend with sowing date in different sites; early sowing within suitable sowing dates could effectively improve the parameters of rice starch RVA profile. However, different parameters exerted different variations among different sites and most parameters were higher in the north than in the south, which indicated that starch RVA profile parameters were significantly affected by sowing date in the north of Jiangsu Province. Among eight starch RVA profile parameters, setback viscosity exhibited the maximum variation coefficient, while peak time exhibited the minimum variation coefficient. Among five rice varieties, Nanjing 46 exhibited the highest peak viscosity and breakdown viscosity and the lowest setback viscosity and consistence viscosity, suggesting that Nanjing 46 had the most appropriate starch RVA profile characteristics and the best cooking and eating quality. Lianjing 4 exhibited relatively high peak viscosity and breakdown viscosity, and relatively low setback viscosity and consistence viscosity, suggesting that Lianjing 4 had good starch RVA profile characteristics. Different sowing dates and sites exerted significant effects on starch RVA profiles of different eco- types of japonica rice. Rice starch RVA profile characteristics varied significantly among different sites but exhibited no significant variations among different latitudes. In addition, starch RVA profile characteristics varied significantly among different sowing dates. Therefore, early sowing of the same variety was conducive to improving starch RVA profile characteristics in appropriate planting regions. [Conclusion] This study provided a theoretical basis for producing high-quality rice and improving the eating quality of rice in Jiangsu Province.

Correlation of Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) Variants in the Leader Sequence of the waxy Gene with Amylose Content of the Grain in Rice

Variation of two simple sequence repeats (SSRs) in the leader region of the waxy gene was analyzed in a sample of 74 accessions, including Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica, japonica and wild rice (O.rufipogon) representing a wide distribution range of amylose content (AC) in cultivated rice. Eight alleles were detected in the (CT) n motif and two alleles were resolved in the (AATT) n motif. The distribution of the alleles of the two SSRs was quite uneven as detected by the (CT) n motif. The repeat numbers of the two SSR motifs, (CT) n and (AATT) n, appeared to be inversely related such that the total length of this region was maintained. AC of the varieties was highly correlated with the length of SSRs. Differences in AC among the various SSR genotypes were statistically highly significant as analyzed using genotypes of both SSR motifs. Although the SSR variation did not seem to have obvious function in the synthesis of the starch synthase encoded by the waxy gene, the almost perfect correlation between the two SSRs and AC level could be used for quality improvement in rice breeding programs.

Effects of Controlled Release Fertilizer on Loss of Nitrogen and Phosphorus from Farmland

[Objective] The aim was to study on effects of controlled release fertilizer on loss of nitrogen and phosphorus from farmland. [Method] Experiment was conducted in fields planted with rice and corn around Chao Lake and effects of compound fertilizer, controlled release fertilizer and controlled release fertilizer （reduced by 20%） on loss of nitrogen and phosphorus through runoff and leaching were analyzed. [Result] Loss of nitrogen and phosphorus mainly occurred in early stage of fertilizing; loss caused by runoff accounted for over 98% and caused by leaching was lower than 2%, indicating that nutrients of rice and corn mainly lost through runoff. As for controlled release fertilizers with 20% reduced, total loss of N and P decreased by 60% and 63% in rice field and reduced by 27.8% and 34% in corn field, respectively, indicating that controlled release fertilizer would maintain nutrients in soils high in later period of plant growth, improve use efficiency of N and P, reduce N and P loss in rice and corn fields in rainy season, and decrease non-point pollution. [Conclusion] The research suggested that controlled release fertilizer would slow down the loss of nutrients in farmlands, providing scientific references and technological support for extension of controlled release fertilizer and reduction of agricultural non-point pollution.

Effects of Different Sowing Dates and Sites on Grain Quality and RVA Profile of Nanjing 46,a Popular Cultivar of Japonica Rice(Oryza sativa L.)

[Objective] This study was performed to determine the effects of sowing dates and sites on grain quality and Rapid Viscosity Analyzer （RVA） profile of Nan-jing 46. [Method] The field experiments were carried out at five sites in Jiangsu Province, and in every site, the seeds were sowing on seven different dates. RVA related indices were measured after harvest. [Result] Along with the delay of sowing date, the mil ing quality of Nanjing 46 increased at first and then reduced, while its appearance quality went up and the cooling and edible quality decreased. With the sowing sites moving southward, the rice mil ing quality, appearance quality, and cooling and edible quality of Nanjing 46 decreased at first and then increased. Grain traits responded variably to the sowing dates and sites. The brown rice rate, grain width, grain length, length/width, mil ed rice rate and head mil ed rice rate were less affected, while the chalky rice rate and chalkiness degree were more af-fected. The gelatinization temperature, protein content, amylose content, gel consis-tency and eating value were in-between. The RVA profile analysis revealed that the breakdown value, setback value and pasting temperature were affected by the sow-ing date and geographical environment. The peak viscosity, hot viscosity, cool vis-cosity and peak time were influenced more by geographical environment. With the delay of the sowing date, peak viscosity, hot viscosity, cool viscosity, setback value and pasting temperature decreased at first and then increased, while the breakdown value changed inversely, and the peak time did not exhibit a regular trend. With the decrease of latitude, the peak viscosity, hot viscosity, breakdown and cool viscosity declined at first and then increased, the setback value and peak time decreased, while the pasting temperature increased. [Conclusion] This study wil provide refer-ences for the effective production of Nanjing 46.

Comparative Physical Localization of Rice Pib Gene and Its Linked RFLP Markers in Oryza sativa, O. officinalis and Zea mays

Comparative genetic studies have shown that there are widespread synteny and colinearity of the genes among different species within grass family. Rice ( Oryza sativa L.) is a model plant, and analysis of its genome allows us to reveal the common features and the evolutionary rules of the gramineous genomes and accumulate the data for establishment of a common genetic system in the Poaceae. In this study, a rice gene Pib ( 10.3 kb), a map-based cloned gene, and RFLP markers linked with it are used as the tested probes to investigate their homology and physical location among the tested species. Southern blotting analysis showed that there were sequences homologous to Pib in maize genome. Further, Pib was localized onto the chromosomes of O. sativa ssp. indica cv. Guangluai 4, O. officinalis Wall ex Watt and the inbred line of Zea mays cv. Huangzao 4. The results of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and double-color FISH indicated that a synteny of Pib and RFLP markers linked with Pib existed among the genomes of the three tested species.

Effects of Transplanting Density on Yield Formation Characteristics of Purple Rice

Liangtianzi 1 was used as a material to study the effects of transplanting density on the yield formation characteristics of purple rice. The results showed that the whole growth period of Liangtianzi 1 was 146 d. Its biomass yield was above 10 t/hm^2, while its economic yield was only about 3 t/hm^2. Transplanting density had a large impact on the number of effective panicles, number of grains par panicle, seed setting rate and yield of purple rice variety. In this study, the planting spacing of 20.0 cm × 20.0 cm gained the highest yield, 3.63 t/hm^2. Key techniques for high-yielding cultivation of Liangtianzi 1 remain to further research.

Exploration and Innovation of Distant Hybridization Germplasm of Oryza sativa and Spartina alterniflora

[Objective] The aim was to explore salt-resistant Spartina alterniflora and high-yield rice with germplasm resource in order to create new salt-resistant rice species with dual-purpose of food and forage. [Method] From 2009 to 2011, re- searches on distant hybridization of Spartina alterniflora and Oryza Sativa have been conducted with method of distant hybridization breeding. On the other hand, break- through and combination techniques （four selected one） were adopted to find the new rice species, including techniques of planting and selection in seashore, cyto- logical detection and selection, phenotype selection of backcross, and molecular marker assisted selection. [Result] Success rate of distant hybridization from 2009 to 2010 was 1.39%. RAPD molecular identification of 7C14 and rice female parent of Zhongxiang No.l, seed 2 was carried on with distant hybridization of male parent of Spartina altemiflora （H）. The results showed that bands same with Spartina alterni- flora parents were found in RH-1-10K205-7C14xH, RH-2-8K157-7C14xH, and RH-13- 9H5-Zhongxaing No.1 xH. Considering absent situation in rice parents, distant hy- bridization strains above were found with same parental genetic element as Spartina alterniflora. Female parent of rice 7K339, however, was under RAPD molecular identification with male parent of Spartina alterniflora. The result showed that bands same with Spartina alterniflora parents were found in RH-5-10K215, RH-6-8K48, RH- 12-9H9, RH-14-9H8 and RH-16-9H28. Considering absent situation in rice parents, distant hybridization strains above were found with same parental genetic element as Spartina altemiflora. Rest hybrid strains were found variance with Spartina alterniflora parents and rice parents in varying degrees. [Conclusion] New and excellent rice species of dual-purpose solves problem not only about salt-resistant species badly needed in coastal development and treatment of saline and alkaline land, but about fine fodder and roughage for herbivore, as well. What＇s more, this is of scientific significance in recourse utilization, efficiency improvement in agriculture, food security, and cultivation strategy.

Developmental Genetic Analysis of Brown Rice Weight Under Different Environmental Conditions in indica Rice

Analysis of genetic main effects and genotype x environment (GE) interaction effects for brown rice weight (BRW) at four different filling stages in indica lice (Oryza sativa L.) was conducted for two-year experimental data by using developmental genetic models and corresponding statistical approaches for quantitative traits of seeds in cereal crops. It was indicated that the genetic main effects and their GE interaction effects of triploid endosperm, cytoplasmic and diploid maternal plant genes were important for BRW at different filling stages of rice, especially for endosperm or maternal additive main effects and their additive interaction effects. Because of the higher additive effects and additive interaction effects for BRW at different filling stages, the better improving effects for this trait could be expected by selection in rice breeding. The results of conditional genetic variance components showed that the new expression of quantitative genes in endosperm and maternal plant for BRW was mostly found at all different filling stages of rice. The gene expression, however, was most active at the early filling stages especially for the first (1-7 d) and the second filling stages (8-14 d after flowering). The phenomena that some genes were spasmodically expressible among filling stages of rice were detected for some genetic effects especially for net cytoplasmic main effects or its interaction effects and net dominance main effects. Predicted genetic effects at different filling stages of rice showed that some parents such as V20 and Zuo 5 were better than others for improving the BRW.

Relation between Atmospheric Deposition and Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Rice in Mining Areas of Guangxi

Firstly, the concept, sources and damage of atmospheric deposition were introduced, and then the relation between atmospheric deposition and accumulation of heavy metals in rice in Guangxi was analyzed to provide reference for the implementation of effective risk early warning of pollution from heavy metal deposition and safe production of rice in mining areas of Guangxi.

Effect of Seedling Raising Methods on Leaf Photosynthesis and Grain Yield of Mechanically-transplanted Japonica Rice

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of seedling raising modes on photosynthetic charactedsticsand grain yield under wheat straw returning. Four representative cultivars in Huaibei area were selected as test materials. By setting potted seedlings and carpet seedlings, the effects of different nursery meth- ods on the photosynthesis of rice at different growth stages in Huaibei area were investigated. Compared with carpet seedlings, the leaf area index of potted seedlings decreased at the maturation stage, but the dry weight of leaf shewed no significant difference.The SPAD of potted seedlings had an increasing trend after transplanting, but the SPAD increased differently according to cultivars. The net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of the leaves of pot seeding rice were significantly higher than those of carpet seedling rice on the 85^th d after transplanting. However, theintracellular CO2 concentration and water use efficiency of leaves had no significant differences between different ＇treatments. The results indicate that the photosynthetic capacity of flag leaves of pot seedling rice is stronger in early and middle stages, but the decay rate of photosynthetic function is slightly faster than carpet seedling rice, which might be the main reason for the rice yield of potted seedlings having no remarkable difference from carpet seedlings.

Metal Contamination in Field Grown Rice

[Objective] Detecting the concentration of metals （lead, cadmium and arsenic） in the rice from one test field was to provide a snapshot of the current status of metal contamination in rice, coming up with a scientific basis for further research. [Method] The research divided 15 adjacent fields into five groups. Two samples were randomly selected from each field. Metal contamination was evaluated based on GB standards and the overall pollution score （OPS）. [Result] The percentages of samples with above-standard levels of the three metals are 83.3%, 100% and 36.7%, respectively. The values of OPSs are ranged from five to seven, with Pb＇s pollution index constituting the most percentage between three metals in OPS. [Conclusion] A metal contamination in the grown rice of this test field is observed, in which Pb may be the most important factor, and Cd contents in all of the samples exceed the safety value.

Preparation and activity research of ecological nano mineral admixture from rice husk charcoal

The rice husk ash （ RHA） and silica （ Si02） nanoparticles are prepared from rice husk charcoal （RHC） by the methods of ventilated calcining and chemical precipitation, respectively, to remove the residual carbon which is harmful to cement composites. The structures and morphologies of these products are investigated by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning/ transmission electron microscopy and N2 adsorption- desorption analyzer. The results show that the as-produced RHA and Si02 nanoparticles exist in amorphous phase without residual carbon, and exhibit porous structures with specific surface areas of 170.19 and 248. 67 m2 /g , respectively. The micro particles of RHA are aggregated by numerous loosely packed Si02 gel particles with the diameter of 50 to 100 nm. The Si02 nanoparticles are well dispersed with the average size of about 30 nm. Both the RHA and Si02 nanoparticles can significantly reduce the conductivity of saturated Ca（OH）2 solution and increase the early strength of the cement composites. They also exhibit high pozzolanic activity, indicating that they can be used as ecological nano mineral admixtures.

Exploration and Innovation of Distant Hybridization Germplasm of Spartina,Soughum bicolor and Oryza sativa

[Objective] This study aimed to explore the germplasm resources of salt-tolerant Spartina,sweet-stalk Soughum bicolor and high-yield Oryza sativa for innovation of new germplasms of salt-tolerant and sweet-stalk Oryza sativa with dual purpose of food and forage in sea beach.[Method] From 2009 to 2012,researches on distant hybridization of Spartina,Soughum bicolor and Oryza sativa had been carried out,and the RAPD molecular identification of obtained distant hybridization materials had been conducted.[Result] Experimental evidences of hybrid seed setting,transplanting and economic characters of hybrid materials were obtained;among the 14 hybrid materials for RAPD analysis,5 materials shared common bands with Spartina and Soughum bicolor parents,which were absent in Oryza sativa parent,indicating that the genetic component of Spartina and Soughum bicolor parents has been integrated into the 5 distant hybrids.[Conclusion] This study has important scientific significance in recourse utilization,agricultural efficiency improvement,food security,and cultivation strategy of China,showing broad application prospects.

OsWRKY03, a rice transcriptional activator that functions in defense signaling pathway upstream of OsNPR1

WRKY family proteins are a class of plant specific transcription factors that involve in many stress response pathways. It has been shown that one Arabidopsis WRKY protein, AtWRKY29/22, is activated by MAP kinase signaling cascade and confers resistance to both bacterial and fungal pathogens. However, little is known about the biological roles of WRKY proteins in rice. In this study, we investigated the expression patterns of rice AtWRKY29/22 homolog, OsWRKY03, under different conditions, and also its possible role involved in plant defense. Our results showed that OsWRKY03 was up-regulated by several defense signaling molecules or different treatments. Further analysis revealed that the expression of OsWRKY03 was light dependent. Transcriptional activation activity of OsWRKY03 was also demonstrated by yeast functional assay. Transient expression of OsWRKY03-GFP fusion protein in onion epidermis cells showed that OsWRKY03 was a nuclear localized protein. OsNPR1 as well as several other pathogenesis-related genes, such as OsPRlb, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase （ZB8） and peroxidase （POX22.3）, were induced in OsWRKYO3-overexpressing transgenic plants. These results indicated that OsWRKY03 is located upstream of OsNPR 1 as a transcriptional activator in salicylic acid （SA）-dependent or jasmonic acid （JA）-dependent defense signaling cascades.

Fine mapping and marker-assisted selection (MAS) of a low glutelin content gene in rice

Rice with low glutelin content is suitable as functional food for patients affected with diabetes and kidney failure. The fine mapping of the gene(s) responsible for low glutelin content will provide information regarding the distribution of glutelin related genes in rice genome and will generate markers for the selection of low glutelin rice varieties. Following an SDS-PAGE screen of rice germplasm from Taihu Valley of China, Japonica selection W3660 is identified to be a novel mutant characterized with low glutelin content. For fine mapping the mutant gene for low glutelin content, F2 and F3 populations were derived from a cross between W3660 and Jingrennuo. SDS-PAGE analysis of the total endosperm protein showed that the low glutelin content trait was controlled by a single dominant nuclear gene. Genetic mapping, using SSRs, located this gene to chromosome 2, in the region between SSR2-001/SSR2-004 and RM1358. The dis- tances of the two markers to the target gene were 1.1 cM and 3.8 cM respectively. By semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis, the transcripts of GluB4/GluB5 genes located within the region do not change. However, GluB5 gene located proximal to SSR2-001/SSR2-004 was specifically reduced. SSR profiles of seven Japonica varieties were compared with that of W3660 for loci in the relevant genetic region. The markers SSR2-004 and RM1358 were used for marker- assisted selection. The selection efficiencies of SSR2-004 and RM1358 were 96.8% and 92.7% respectively. This provides a standard starting point for the breeding of low glutelin content rice varieties in China.

Upland rice and lowland rice exhibited different P/P expression under water deficit and ABA treatment

Aquaporins play a significant role in plant water relations. To further understand the aquaporin function in plants under water stress, the expression of a subgroup of aquaporins, plasma membrane intrinsic proteins （PIPs）, was studied at both the protein and mRNA level in upland rice （Oryza sativa L. cv. Zhonghan 3） and lowland rice （Oryza sativa L. cv. Xiushui 63） when they were water stressed by treatment with 20% polyethylene glycol （PEG）. Plants responded differently to 20% PEG treatment. Leaf water content of upland rice leaves was reduced rapidly. PIP protein level increased markedly in roots of both types, but only in leaves of upland rice after 10 h of PEG treatment. At the mRNA level, OsPIP1,2, OsPIP1,3, OsPIP2;1 and OsPIP2;5 in roots as well as OsPIP1,2 and OsPIP1;3 in leaves were significantly up-regulated in upland rice, whereas the corresponding genes remained unchanged or down-regulated in lowland rice. Meanwhile, we observed a significant increase in the endogenous abscisic acid （ABA） level in upland rice but not in lowland rice under water deficit. Treatment with 60 μM ABA enhanced the expression of OsPIP1;2, OsPIP2;5 and OsPIP2;6 in roots and OsPIP1;2, OsPIP2;4 and OsPIP2;6 in leaves of upland rice. The responsiveness of PIP genes to water stress and ABA were different, implying that the regulation of PIP genes involves both ABA-dependent and ABA-independent signaling oathways during water deficit.