水稻机插秧服务组织发展问题研究

水稻是我国重要的粮食作物,我县常年种植面积在1.33万hm^2左右,现有机插秧服务组织15个。过去插秧主要依靠人力,然而,近年来农业劳动力外出务工转移,青壮劳动力减少,机械化插秧有所推进,为水稻生产健康发展奠定了基础。对水稻机械化插秧技术进行了分析,主要探讨了水稻机插秧服务组织发展问题研究,以加强对机械化插秧技术的认识,为技术的更新和完善做好准备。

江苏太湖地区单季稻机插秧栽培技术分析

江苏太湖地区自古就是著名的鱼米之乡。随着科技的发展,各种机械被应用到农业生产中,大大提升了生产效率。本文介绍了江苏太湖地区单季稻机插秧栽培技术的效果和增产原因,并且详细介绍了单季稻机插秧栽培技术。

机插稻田“插喷同步”控草技术中不同封闭除草剂的控草效果及安全性

随着农村劳动力向城市转移和农业经营主体向种植大户转变,农业生产迫切需要一种低成本、高效率、轻简化的生产管理模式。水稻机插秧技术在各地快速发展,但机插秧稻田的杂草危害问题却越来越严重。以“插喷同步”控草技术为基础,研究不同除草剂及组合配方在插秧时同步喷施到稻田,对稻田杂草的防控效果、持效期以及对水稻生长发育的影响。小区试验和大面积示范试验的结果表明,插秧后15 d,不同药剂对杂草的株防效具有显著性差异,以30%苄嘧·丙草胺油悬浮剂(OD)的控草效果最好,总防效达到96.85%~100.00%;而40%苄嘧·丙草胺可湿性粉剂(WP)和53%苄嘧·苯噻酰草胺WP的控草效果较差,总防效分别为90.70%、91.46%。插秧后30 d,不同除草剂对杂草持续防控能力出现极显著性差异,以30%苄嘧·丙草胺OD的控草效果最好,株防效达94.21%以上,鲜质量防效达92.11%以上,而对照药剂的株防效只有76.89%、62.47%,鲜质量防效只有72.80%、57.71%。水稻外观和分蘖情况调查结果显示,在“插喷同步”过程中,不同除草剂对水稻安全性具有显著性差异,以30%苄嘧·丙草胺OD安全性较高,但重复喷雾还有一定隐患,其他药剂的安全性较差。大区示范试验结果表明,喷施30%苄嘧·丙草胺OD过程中,添加安全解毒剂,可以显著提高药剂对幼苗的安全性;对杂草的防控效果和持效期与小区试验结果相同。由此可见,利用“插喷同步”技术,结合使用30%苄嘧·丙草胺OD,配套安全解毒剂,既能有效抑制杂草萌发,又能延长药剂持续防控杂草的能力,而且对水稻安全无药害。

水稻“插喷同步及侧深施肥一体化技术”应用

随着农机化水平的不断提高和农业生产经营主体向种植大户转变,需要探索适应农机农艺深度融合、以提高农机生产效率、农艺生产质量、降低粮食生产成本、提高粮食生产效益的技术管理模式。水稻机插秧技术的推广应用,也面临杂草防治次数多、成本高、效果差和施肥次数多、成本高、流失大等问题。为此,我们在认真学习江苏省农业科学院研发的插喷同步控草技术、启东市富旺农业机械有限公司承担的省现代农机装备与技术示范推广课题“稻田自动化插喷(播喷)同步一体机的创制及控草技术应用集成”(NJ2020-06)基础上,加装了侧深施肥装置,即进行了水稻“插秧-除草-施肥”一体化技术的初步应用和探索。通过水稻机插秧时同步喷施安全型除草剂、能达到形成稳定、较深的药土层,不被插秧机破坏,对秧苗安全,而且做到减少每亩除草剂的使用总量,提高全程综合控草效果;通过同步侧条缓混一次性施肥操作,可以达到水稻氮肥利用率较常规分次施肥提高15-20%,提高稻米食味品质的作用。

Development and Transition of Rice Planting in China

[Objective] This paper aimed to clarify the rice planting methods and its supporting technology to be developed in rice producing areas in China. [Method] Evolvement of rice planting methods in rice producing areas in China and in representative rice-growth countries abroad, its characteristics, adaptability and key issues were analyzed. [Result] The analysis of development of rice planting method in China and abroad indicated that rice planting method was adapted to rice-based cropping system and ecological environment, and its transition accompanied with social and economic development. With agricultural labor transfer from agriculture to other industries since 1990’s, rice seedling throwing was gradually applied and in recent decades, while direct seeding and machine transplanting were practiced. Now, hand transplanting is still the main rice planting method, adopted in 50% of national rice planting area; seedling throwing, direct seeding and machine transplanting are conducted in 25% , 12% and 13% of the national rice planting area. [Conclusion] Machine transplanting should be a leading rice planting method. Though area covered with machine direct seeding is still small up to now, it can be practiced in some rice growing area due to labor saving and low cost. Leading planting methods and its supporting key technologies are proposed in various rice producing areas in the future.

Effects of Seed Rate on Root Twining Power and Seedling Quality of Machine-transplanted Super Rice

In order to investigate the effects of seed rate on root twining power and seedling quality of machine-transplanted super rice cultivars, Yongyou 12 and Zhongzheyou No.l, total 6 seed rates were arranged, and the growth characteris- tics, quality and root twining power of machine-transplanted rice seedlings were studied. The results showed that seed rate had great effects on root twining power and qualityof rice seedlings; with the increase of seed rate, the root twining power of rice seedlings was increased, but the quality of rice seedlings was significantly reduced; under the condition of high seed rate, rice seedlings were weak with less accumulate dry matter and nonuniform growth, and the proportion of weak seedlings was higher. When the seed rate of both rice cultivars was reduced by 10 g/tray, the average seedling height was increased by 0.5 cm, leaf age was increased by 0.1, stem base diameter was increased by 0.1 cm, and root number per plant was increased by 0.3. When the seed rate was increased by 10 g/tray, the accumulated dry matter per plant was reduced by 5.1 mg. With the increase of seed rate, the seedling quality of Zhongzheyou No.1 was decreased rapidly, and the proportion of weak seedlings was increased rapidly. However, Yongyou 12 has a larger elasticity in seed rate. When the seed rate reached to 50 g/tray, blanket seedlings of Yongy- ou 12 were nursed with uniform growth and higher quality, but the shoots were sparse with lower leaf area index. However, when the seed rate was up to 50 g/tray, blanket seedlings of Zhongzheyou No.1 were nursed with uniform growth and higher quality, as well as higher-density shoots. From a comprehensive point of view, the optimum seed rates of Yongyou 12 and Zhongzheyou No.1 were 65 and 50 g/tray, respectively.

Influence Factors for Safety Full Heading of Machine-transplanted Rice Seedlings in Cool-warm Rice Area

[Objective] This study was conducted to discuss influence factors for safety full heading of machine-transplanted rice seedlings in cool-warm rice area. [Method] Effects of variety, seedling age and nitrogen fertilizer dosage and strategy of machine-transplanted seedlings on safety full heading of machine-transplanted seedlings were investigated. [Result] During mechanized rice production in coolwarm rice area, mid-early-maturing cold-resistant varieties with growth periods no longer than 180 d could selected, and seedling age could controlled within 30-35 d; and the total amount of pure nitrogen should be less than 300 kg/hm^2, and the proportion of nitrogen fertilizer applied in later stages should be properly reduced. [Conclusion] Under this condition, safety full heading of rice is ensured, and the target yield is realized.

Effects of Plant Spacing and Finger Sticking Area Settings for Machine Transplanting on Yield of Double-season Early Rice

The effects of rice transplanters＇ transplanting settings（plant spacing and finger sticking area） on rice yield were investigated in two early-season rice cultivars：hybrid rice cultivar（Zhuliangyou 819） and conventional rice cultivar（Zhongjiazao 17）.The results showed that,different transplanting settings resulted in different numbers of transplanted basic seedlings,and the rice yield was significantly correlated with the number of transplanted basic seedlings.The number of transplanted basic seedlings increased with the decrease of plant spacing and the increase of finger sticking area.The rate of lost hills of machine transplanting decreased with the increase of finger sticking area.The leaf area index and amount of dry matter accumulation were highly correlated with the number of transplanted basic seedlings.The average yield of the rice transplanted with a plant spacing of11.5 cm was higher than that with a plant spacing of 13.8 cm.In the field transplanted with the rice under the plant spacing of 13.8 cm,the rice yield increased with the increase of finger sticking area,and the finger sticking area of 2.23 cm2 showed the highest rice yield of 8 174.16 kg/hm2 of Zhuliangyou 819 and 7 925.54kg/hm2 of Zhongjiaozao17.In the field transplanted with the rice under the plant spacing of 11.5 cm,the rice yield was the highest with the finger sticking area of 1.83 cm2,and then decreased with the large finger sticking area.Under the plant spacing of 11.5 cm,the highest rice yields of Zhuliangyou 819 and Zhongjiaozao17 were 8 492.94 kg/hm2 and 8 000.23 kg/hm2,respectively.Therefore,the preferred machine transplanting settings for double-season early rice are a plant spacing of11.5 cm and a finger sticking area of 1.83 cm2,while the finger sticking area should be increased to 2.23 cm2 for conventional rice cultivars.

Major Physiological Characters of Different Double Cropping Rice Varieties by Different Mechanical Transplanting Methods

The research selected 16 rice varieties（8 early and 8 late double-cropping rice） by mechanical transplanting modes as per equivalent row and wide-narrow row to explore yield and physiological traits in order to provide references for selection of rice variety suitable for mechanical transplanting. The results showed that yields of early and late rice improved by 2.90% and 2.73% by mechanical transplanting as per equivalent row and wide-narrow row respectively. Besides, leaf area index in the treatment as per wide-narrow row was higher compared with the treatment as per equivalent row, as well as average photosynthetic potential which grew by 0.92%,3.99% and 5.64% of early from tillering-peak stage to mature stage and 3.46%,7.09% and 6.79% of late rice. Furthermore, by mechanical transplanting as per wide-narrow row, SPAD value, and root activity performer higher, as well as the number of differentiated branch and glumous flowers, but degradation rate showed lower. In addition, with mechanical transplanting the same, early rice Zhuliangyou819 and late rice Fengyuanyou 299 took advantages in yield, which can be priorities for mechanical transplanting in double-cropping areas in Jiangxi Province.

Effects of Farming and Seedling-raising Methods on Population Growth and Grain Yield of Mechanized Transplanting Rice

The effects of farming method, rice variety and seedling-raising method were studied on the population growth quality and grain yield of the mechanized transplanting rice by way of three-factor split plot design. The results showed that the no-tillage mechanical transplanting treatment was poorer than the conventional mechanical transplanting treatment in transplanting quality in general, but the former was similar to the latter in population growth quality. In regard to grain yield, the no-tillage mechanical transplanting treatment was lower than the conventional me- chanical transplanting treatment. Raising both pot-mat seedling and plastic-tray seedling did not make much difference in population growth and grain yield of mechanized transplanting rice, so both of the seedling-raising methods can be adopted according to practical conditions.

Effects of Mechanized Transplanting and Fertilization Mode on Population Growth and Development of Male Parent in Seed Production of Hybrid Rice

In order to study the effects of mechanized transplanting and fertilization mode on population growth and development of the male parent in seed production of hybrid rice, three male parents, Huazhan, Shuhui 527 and R9311 were selected as materials. The male parents were transplanted by rice transplanter with two kinds of line spacing design, six lines with equal row spacing （20/25 cm x 30 cm） and wide and narrow spacing （20/25 cm x 40, 20 cm）, and artificial transplanting with equal row spacing （20/25 cm x 30 cm） was set as the control. The three fer- tilization modes were applying for one, two and three times. The flowering stage and panicle-spikelet structure of the male parent were investigated. The results showed that the effects of mechanized transplanting and fertilization mode were little on the duration from seeding to heading; the panicles and spikelets of the three male parents were significantly increased by mechanized transplanting. The tiller number was increased by mechanized transplanting and fertilizing for two and three times. Wide and narrow spacing by machine planting and fertilizing for three times were suitable for Huazhan, which significantly increased the number of spikelets per unit area. Furthermore, the number of spikelets per unit area of Shuhui 527 and R9311 were significantly increased by mechanized transplanting and fertilizing for three times.

Effect of Seedling Raising Methods on Leaf Photosynthesis and Grain Yield of Mechanically-transplanted Japonica Rice

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of seedling raising modes on photosynthetic charactedsticsand grain yield under wheat straw returning. Four representative cultivars in Huaibei area were selected as test materials. By setting potted seedlings and carpet seedlings, the effects of different nursery meth- ods on the photosynthesis of rice at different growth stages in Huaibei area were investigated. Compared with carpet seedlings, the leaf area index of potted seedlings decreased at the maturation stage, but the dry weight of leaf shewed no significant difference.The SPAD of potted seedlings had an increasing trend after transplanting, but the SPAD increased differently according to cultivars. The net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of the leaves of pot seeding rice were significantly higher than those of carpet seedling rice on the 85^th d after transplanting. However, theintracellular CO2 concentration and water use efficiency of leaves had no significant differences between different ＇treatments. The results indicate that the photosynthetic capacity of flag leaves of pot seedling rice is stronger in early and middle stages, but the decay rate of photosynthetic function is slightly faster than carpet seedling rice, which might be the main reason for the rice yield of potted seedlings having no remarkable difference from carpet seedlings.

The Development and Application of 2BDQ-8 Rice Direct Sowing Machine

[Objective] The aim was to introduce the development and application of 2BDQ-8 rice direct sowing machine and provide a theoretical basis for rice mechanization production. [Method] 2BDQ-8 rice direct sowing machine was used for the promotion test in field of several cities and counties in Jiangsu Province,and artificial rice planting and mechanization rice planting were compared to explore the production and economic situation. [Result] 2BDQ-8 rice direct sowing machine had advantages such as high efficiency and low cost,the rice direct sowing machine saved about 30% compared to the artificial rice planting and mechanization rice planting,and the overall efficiency was significant. [Conclusion] 2BDQ-8 rice sowing machine was a production technology that had low cost and high efficiency,which should be widely applied.

Effects of Seedling Cutivation with Mat-fiber Mulch on Quality and Quantity of Early-season Rice

[Objective] The aim was to explore effects of tray mat of fiber mulch on quality and yield of early rice-season rice transplanted by machine. [Method] Seedling quality, the rate of leaked rice, density of mechanical transplanting rice, mature rate and yield covered with fiber mulch were compared with groups not covered with mulch. Furthermore, different indices of cultivated rice with and without fiber mulch were analyzed and compared. [Result] The rice yield in the group with fiber mulch improved by 11.9% and rice quality enhanced as wel . What＇s more, rice plants were much easier to be col ected, and the rate of leaked rice lowered by machine. [Conclusion] The research provides theoretical references for seedling transplanting and cultivation of early-season rice by machine with tray mats.

Effects of SSA Dosages on Seedling Quality and Yield by Mechanical Transplanting

[Objective] The aim was to research the influence of gradient dosages of seedling-strengthening agent （SSA） on rice seedling quality and yield. [Method] The influence of four dosages of SSA on late rice seedling quality and yield was investi- gated, using Oryza sativa cv. Yongyou 9 and Huanghuazhan as test materials. [Re- sult] The results showed that applying SSA significantly increased several indexes of seedling quality including the leaf age, basal stem width and dry matter weight. In addition, SSA greatly increased the rice yield, mainly through influencing two yield component factors, effective panicle number and grain number per panicle. [Conclu- sion] SSA was beneficial to nurse strong seedling which satisfied mechanical trans- plant and improve yield. Considered both seedling quality and yield trait, the optimal SSA dosage is 50 g/m2 under this cultivating condition.