“水稻-果菜”轮作高效种植模式的研究应用

茄科类、瓜类、草莓等果菜不能连续在一块地里种植,连作容易形成病虫害的积累,造成果菜严重减产,品质下降,效益下降。设施大棚种果菜更不可连作,连作还容易造成土壤板结和盐渍化。为了避免此类灾害的发生,采用水稻与果菜轮作的方法,既避免了大棚果菜连作造成的土壤板结与盐渍化,又减轻了病虫害的危害,确保水稻与果菜栽培连年丰产丰收。笔者多年试种实践,总结出"水稻-草莓"、"水稻-番茄"、"水稻-南瓜"轮作高效种植模式,供农业园区和广大农户参考。

Triterpenoid Saponins from Eclipta prostrata L.

Five triterpenoid saponins were isolated from the Chinese traditional medicine Eclipta prostrata L.. On the basis of their chemical properties and spectral data, they were identified as eclalbasaponins II(1), I(2), III(3), 3-O-[b-D-glucopyranosyl(12)-b-D-glucopyranosyl]-16a-ethoxy-olean-12-ene-28-oic acid-28-O-b-D-glu-copyranoside(4) and 3-O-[(2-O-sulfuryl-b-D-glucopyranosyl)(12)-b-D-glucopyranosyl]-echinocystic acid-28-O-b-D-glucopyranoside(5). Compounds 4 and 5 are new compounds and named eclalbasaponins XI and XII, respectively. Compounds 1 and 5 induced morphological deformation of Pyricularia oryzae mycelia.

A Summary of Ratoon Rice Production Technology in Southwest Ecotope of China

This paper focus on the ratoon rice, which with the features of south Chi-na paddy cultivation technology. First, the development of the technology research on ratoon rice in southwest ecotope of China was briefly reviewed. Second, the key technical measures of the ratoon rice production were described in detail. At last, the application effect of the ratoon rice production technology was described accu-rately, which based on the production practice in recent years. The purpose of this article is promoting the research and extension of the ratoon rice technology more widely in world’s main rice-producing areas, especial y in the suitable area where the light and heat resources are rich.

Deletion of 93 bp Far-upstream Fragment of Rice Cytosolic Fructose- 1, 6-Bisphosphatase Promoter Completely Alter Its Expression Pattern

The 1 195 bp 5′ flanking region of rice ( Oryza sativa L.) cytosolic fructose_1, 6_bisphosphatase (cyFBPase) can direct tissue, cell specific expression in transgenic rice. In order to identify sequence elements responsible for the regulation of mesophyll_specific expression, the 5′ flanking regions of -1 195 bp, -1 102 bp, -768 bp, and -644 bp upstream of the translation initiation ATG codon were fused to the reporter gene encoding β_glucuronidase (GUS) and transferred to rice via particle bombardment. Analysis of the 5′ promoter deletions identified that a 93 bp fragment between -1 195 bp and -1 102 bp is essential for directing mesophyll specific expression. High constitutive expression of GUS reporter gene was found in the -768 deletion lines and another two deletion series. These results indicate the great potential utility of the promoter in rice biotechnology.

Study on the control of rice stripe disease with Bilken virusicide

The paper reviewed the function mechanism of Bilken virusicide against rice stipe disease, and then introduced its control effects in field test as well as its application method.

Efficacy of Difenoconazole-azoxystrobin 32.5% SC in Treatment of Rice Sheath Blight and Its Application Technology

[Objective] The efficacy of difenoconazole-azoxystrobin 32.5% SC for rice sheath blight and its application technology were discussed in this research. [Method] Three surveys were carried out. There were 5 fixed test clumps in each plot. The number of total plants and disease plants and disease progression in each fixed clump were recorded. The correlation effectiveness was calculated based on the growth rate of disease index. Significance analysis was performed with Dun- can＇s new multiple range method （DMRT）. [Result] The difenoconazole-azoxystrobin 32.5% SC had a good efficacy for rice sheath blight, and its efficacy increased with the increase of dose. If sprayed according to the dose of 450 ml/hm2 5 days before the beginning of heading stage of rice, difenoconazole-azoxystrobin 32.5% SC would have better effects on controlling rice sheath blight with correlation effectiveness reaching up to 95.14%, which was 2.06% higher than that of control drug （trifloxys- trobin-tebuconazole 75% WG, 225 g/hm2）. [Conclusion] Treated with difenoconazole- azoxystrobin 32.5% SC with dose of 450 ml/hm2, rice would have green upper leaves and less yellow middle and lower leaves. Moreover, the yield was in- creased significantly. The difenoconazole-azoxystrobin 32.5% SC had good safety. Therefore, difenoconazole-azoxystrobin 32.5% SC had a good application prospect in production.

Available Silicon Contents of Paddy Soils and the Effect of Silicon Fertilization on Rice in Sichuan Province

Based on the results of field trials and soil and plant measurements, the available silicon contents ofpaddy soils, their relations with the SiO_2 content of rice plant, the relationships between rice yield on theone hand and the SiO_2 content and SiO_2/N ratio of rice plant on the other, the effects of silicon on riceyield and resistance to diseases and pests and the effective conditions and causes for increasing rice yield inSichuan Basin are expounded in the present paper. The study results show that about one half of the paddysoils developed from yellow soil, purple soil, alluvial soil, etc. in Sichuan Province were insufficient in siliconsupply. Critical values for silicon fertilization were 98 mg kg￣(-1) available Si in the paddy soils and < 112.8gkg￣(-1) SiO_2 in the rice plants. A SiO_2 content of rice plant over 121.6g kg￣(-1) and a SiO_2/N ratio maintainedat about 12 were required for gaining a rice yield of 7500 kg ha￣(-1). The yield increase by silicon fertilizationwas due to the improvement of silicon nutrition in rice plants and the balance of SiO_2/N ratio, and the reasonfor enhanced resistance to diseases and pests was concerned with the inhibition of luxury N absorption andthe raising of plant SiO_2/N ratio. Silicon fertilization tended to balance the uptake of N, P and K by riceplant .

Remediation Effects of Soil Conditioners for CdPolluted Paddy Fields

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the remediation effects of 14 soil conditioners for Cd-polluted paddy fields contrasted with conventional fertilization and liming.The results showed that soil conditioners had no significant impact on rice yields.Though the soil conditioners had stable effects on decreasing the Cd content in grains,the effects varied with the category of conditioners.In general,The Cd contents of early rice and late rice were reduced by 22.65%~44.24%and 15.20%~63.03%,respectively.Additionally,the stem and leaves showed the same decreasing tendency.Cluster analysis suggested that soil conditioners can be divided into three categories:the first category increases the soil pH to inhibit the Cd activity and cut down the Cd translocation from soil to stem and leaves,which is most efficient in the reduction of Cd content in rice grains;the other category relies on the antagonism or co-precipitation between Cd and certain elements to inhibit the translocation and redistribution of Cd from rice stems to grains,providing a common effect on Cd reduction;the last category can be seen as a combination of the former two categories from the perspective of its functional mechanism and it has a moderate effect on the reduction of Cd contents in rice grains.

Isolation of a 1 195 bp 5′-Flanking Region of Rice Cytosolic Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and Analysis of Its Expression in Transgenic Rice

A genomic DNA fragment containing the 5'-upstream sequence and part of the open reading frame corresponding to the cytosolic fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (cyFBPase) cDNA was isolated by Genome Walking. The 1 195 lip 5'-flanking region which started from the translation initiation ATG codon was fused to reporter gene encoding beta-glucuronidase (GUS) and stably transferred to rice via particle bombardment. Strong GUS activity was detected in leaves and leaf sheaths of transgenic rice, but not in culms and roots. Histochemical localization revealed that GUS expression was exclusively restricted to mesophyll cells in transgenic rice. Our results indicate that the 1 195 bp fragment contains all the cis-elements required for directing mesophyll-specific expression pattern in rice.

Effect of Organic Manure Application on Physical Properties and Humus Characteristics of Paddy Soil

Long-term field experiment was established in 1978 on a coastal paddy soil to determine the effect of applicationof pig manure, rice straw and chemical N fertilizer on the physical property and humus characteristics of soil . Resultsshowed that the porosity, the microstructural coefficient, the reactivities of organic C and N, the ΔlogK value, thedegree of oxidation stability, the contents of O-alkyl C and alkyl C, and the ratio of aliphatic C to aromatic C ofhumic acid from soils received organic manure increased, whereas, the ratio of < 10 μm to >10 μm ofmicroaggregates, the humification degree of humus, the degree of organo-mineral complexation, the number-averagemolecular weight, the C/ H ratio. the contents of carboxyl and aromatic C of HAs in them decreased. These resultsindicated that the application of organic manure not only improved the physical property of the paddy soil but alsomade the HA more aliphatic in structure and younger in origin.

Conservation and Utilization of Crop Genetic Resources in Malaysia： Mardi＇s Effort

Malaysian Agriculture Research and Development Institute （MARDI） is the country＇s major custodian of the nation＇s crops genetic resources. It has a global responsibility in the conservation of genetic resources of banana, sweet potato and citrus, and national responsibility for the conservation of crops, such as rice, tropical fruits and some herbs and medicinal plant species. MARDI rice seed genebank at Seberang Prai in the state of Penang was established in 1984 and currently holds 12,770 registered rice accessions, of which 53% are of local origin. In addition, MARDI also conserves genes in the field, mostly for underutilized tropical fruit genetic resources. At present, about 168 species of underutilized, rare and wild tropical fruit species consisting of about 2,000 accessions, the largest in the country, are being conserved. The species include ＂kuini＂ （Mangifera odorata）, ＂bacang＂ （Mangifera foetida）, ＂binjai＂ （Mangifera caesia）, ＂cerapu＂ （ Garcinia praniana）, ＂rambai＂ （Baccaurea motleyana）, ＂asam gelugor＂ （ Garcinia atroviridis）, ＂terap＂ （drthocarpus odoratissimus） and ＂pulasan＂ （Nephellium rambutan-ake）. The accessions are mostly conserved ex situ in field genebanks located at the various MARDI stations throughout the country. Although the conservation of the various crop species genetic resources is important, the real challenge is enhancing its utilisation. The main objective of the paper was to share and disseminate information related to works conducted and strategies opted by MARDI on the conservation and utilization of crop genetic resources. Information on species of crops that are available in MARDI＇s genebank was also highlighted together with brief information of some of the associated traits of significant importance posses by those genetic resources.

Application of Secondary Nutrient Fertilizer Produced by Leili Group in Rice in Lichuan City

On basis of tests in regions with different elevations, rice sprayed with secondary nutrient fertilizers （×1 000） produced by Beijing Leili Group would signifi-cantly increase yield and incomes, which can be widely applied in Lichuan City or similar areas. With the fertilizer applied, rice yield can be improved by 292.5-505.5 kg/hm2, with increase of 6.63%-10.92%; farmer’s incomes can be enhanced by 877.5-1 516.5 yuan/hm2, with net income growth of 783-1 422 yuan; output-to-input rate kept in 8.29-15.05. The increased rice yield is mainly contributed by the in-creases of setting percentage and thousand-seed weight, of which the former＇s role is more significant. Hence, the fertilizer can be widely applied in Lichuan and similar regions.

Screening of Toxin Mutant of Dickeya zeae and Its Biological Characters

[Objective]This study aimed to screen toxin mutant of Dickeya zeae(Erwinia chrysanthemi pv.zeae)and investigate its biological characters.[Method]We obtained a toxin mutant strain D.zeae Ech7-3-42 by using acridine orange as a mutagenic agent and compared their biological characteristics and virulence between the toxin mutant and wild strain.[Result]There was no significant difference in pectin lyase,protease,cellulase and the production of extracellular polysaccharide and lipopolysaccharide,but significant difference in toxin biological activities and virulence.Ech7-3-42 mutant did not produce toxin,as well as the loss of virulence on rice and HR on tobacco,but did not lose the ability to soft rot on potato.Mutant strain Ech7-3-42 can infect rice root and then enriched in the root neck and stalk,but it could not cause rice foot rot.Dickeya zeae(wild and mutant strain)could be detected by PCR in the root neck and below the 1-2 cm long stem area,but could not be detected in the leaves.[Conclusion]We believed that toxin may be one of the important factors for D.zeae virulence on rice.

Inhibition and Control Effects of Different Amendments on Cd Activation in Soil and Cd Absorption in Rice

Through pot tests of early rice and late rice in Cd polluted environment(soil Cd content,1.0 mg/kg),the inhibition and control effects of single application of organic fertilizers involving pig manure and biochar,and their combined application with alkaline amendments involving lime and oyster shell powder on soil Cd activation and rice Cd absorption were compared.And the correlation between soil available Cd and rice grain Cd was discussed.The results showed that compared with CK which did not involve amendments,the grain yields of early rice and late rice increased by 15.52%~36.01%and 12.02%~27.28%,respectively,the grain Cd content decreased by 24.76%~64.53%and 4.93%~58.32%,respectively,and the grain Cd accumulation decreased by 22.27%~51.76%and 33.84%~46.95%,respectively,except for single pig manure treatment.In particular,the Cd reduction effect of biochar was significantly better than that of pig manure,and the combined application with oyster shell powder was better than that with lime;after the harvest of early and late rice,the available Cd content in soil applied with amendments decreased by 35.00%~65.88%and 30.93%~68.57%,respectively,compared with CK.Further analysis showed that the soil available Cd content and rice grain Cd content could fit the linear equation well(R2>0.70,P<0.05),which demonstrated that the combined application of organic fertilizers and alkaline amendments can quickly reduce the Cd content of rice grain by passivating soil available Cd,and the combined application between biochar and oyster shell powder had a better effect.

Effectiveness of Cyhalofop-butyl EW for Control of Poaceae Weeds in Transplanted Rice in China

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of different rates of 10% cyhalofop-butyl EW for control of Poaceae weeds in transplanted rice in China. [Method] The experimental and eco-friendly herbicide, 10% cyhalofop-butyl EW, was applied in field trials in 2013 to investigate its efficacy in five representa-tive rice producing areas, one in each of the provinces Anhui, Hunan, Zhejiang, Jiangsu and Liaoning. [Result] The results showed that 10% cyhalofop-butyl EW could effectively control Poaceae weeds in transplanted rice without negative effects on the rice crop. The optimal application rate of 10% cyhalofop-butyl EW was found to be 750-1 500 ml/hm2. [Conclusion] The study confirmed that 10% cyhalofop-butyl EW has clear potential for wide-spread adoption in rice production systems.

Study the Effects of the Longheaded Flour Beetle Latheticus oryzae in the Specification of Flour

The objective of this research is to investigate the impact of infection by the long-headed flour beetle m the specification of flour and its products, during three periods of infection 20, 40 and 60 days, which was confirmed by experiments, as was the impact of periods 40 and 60 days are clear, and that laboratory tests showed a significant decrease in weight, volume and specific volume of the loaf manufactured of infested flour as comparing with an uninfected one. The weight of the original sample was 150 g., has dropped to 135 g for the 60 days infection period and 35 ℃ of incubator. Deterioration of external features of the manufactured loaf also appeared （color, crust appearance, degree of baking and proliferation line）, and attributes of the interior （granulation, color, smell and test of pulp）. The total sample size was 465 mL while it was 288.9 mL for the 60 days infected sample. The color of flour also changed at the same period of infection and reached 6.61 stacks, while that of the uninfected was 3.7 stacks. The proportion of protein for the infected flour dipped to 21.39% as comparing with 28% for the health sound. The Amylograph, Farinograph and Extensograph tests showed considerable differences for many characters of dough made by the infected and non-infected flour. For example the value of B.U. was 980 for the infected flour and 560 B.U. for the uninfected one, and the arrival time was 4.18 min for the 60 days infection and 1.3 rain for the healthy. Also the value of the Critical Coefficient of Dough was 188 B.U. as compared with 64 B.U. for the uninfected sample.

The Effect and Benefit of Rice Chilo suppressalis Walker Chemical Control Test of Chlorantraniliprole etc.

In this paper, the first generation and second generation of Chilo suppressalis Walker were conducted as the test objects to investigate control of a new pesticide(chlorantraniliprole) with preparation of chlorantraniliprole 20% SC,abamectin 1.8% EC and chlorpyrifos 40% EC to Chilo suppressalis Walker. The results showed that chlorantraniliprole 20% SC, abamectin 1.8% EC and chlorpyrifos40% EC had effective control to Chilo suppressalis Walker for its excellent control efficacy and long persistence period. Seedling protection efficacies were between84.2%-100%, 90.1% and 92.1%, and insecticidal efficacies were between 84.6%-100%,90.7% and 93.8% 36 days after application of chlorantraniliprole 20% SC in treatments with abamectin 1.8% EC and chlorpyrifos 40% EC for first generation Chilo suppressalis Walker control. The dead panicles were between 0.2%-1.4%, 0.8%and 0.7%, pest plant rate control in 0.4%-2.2%, 1.1% and 0.9%, and the rates of damaged rice plants were between 82.4%-97.6%, 90.2%-91.2% and 91.4%-92.8%,30 days after application of chlorantraniliprole 20% SC, abamectin 1.8% EC and chlorpyrifos 40% EC for the second generation Chilo suppressalis Walker control. It can effectively protect seedlings, protect spike, increase grain number and grain weight, which promoting the increase production income effect. The real estate increased by 9.7%-12.3%, 10.9% and 11.2% than water treatment(CK) with a very significant level, while the incomes were higher than 1 719.19-1 998.22, 1 956.52 and 2 057.83 yuan.

Clustering and Expression Analysis of Chitinases in Maize and Rice

Chitinases play an important role in regulating plant growth and development, especially defending themselves from fungal pathogens. It is important to do the biological analyses in crops. In this study, the result showed that the chitinases were distributed into the whole genome in rice, and nearly the whole genome in maize expect for Chromosome 9. The clustering results showed that one out of three chitinases from maize and rice belonged to new groups, which were separated from those in the conformed Classes I-VII. The identification of most amino acid sequences was very low among the chitinases from rice and/or maize. It was inferred that the chitinases with different functions were relatively stable during plant evolution. The relationship of chitinases expression between leaf blade and anther was positively significant in maize, but not significant in rice. Additionally, the ratio of chitinases with up- or down-regulated expression in sensitive maize under Fusarium moniliforme inoculation was different from that in sensitive rice under Magnaporthe grisea inoculation. It might be result from different tissues infected by different fungi. The number of chitinases from resistant maize was less than that from sensitive maize, which inferred that the resistant pathways on F. moniliforme should be not only chitin induced Pathogen-associated molecular PTI （patterns-triggered immunity） pathway, but also might include other PTI pathways that improve tolerance to F. moniliforme. The analysis of expression pattern of chitinases from maize and rice under fungi inoculation will be contributed into further research on the defense mechanism of fungi in crops.