稻田氮排放规律对氮肥调控的响应

为明确稻田氮排放规律对氮肥调控的响应,优化氮肥调控措施,设置不施氮处理(N0)对照组、低氮(N1,90 kg·hm^(-2))、正常施氮(N2,150 kg·hm^(-2))和过量施氮(N3,270 kg·hm^(-2))4个不同氮水平处理,于2021—2022年进行为期两年的大田试验。研究结果表明:增施氮肥后表观氮排放较对照增加140.8%~728.3%,显著高于植株吸氮量(61.1%~139.6%)和残留无机氮(17.5%~37.7%);气体、水体、淋溶氮排放量在N3条件下分别较对照增加915.0%,194.7%和379.8%,气体氮排放量增幅显著高于其他排放途径;土壤NO_(3)^(-)-N淋溶排放比例在3个施氮处理间变化量为0.31%~1.68%,差异未达显著水平,土壤NH_(4)^(+)-N淋溶排放比例则在增施氮肥后显著增加了17.1%~44.7%。以上结果表明:与植株吸氮量和残留无机氮相比,表观氮排放对氮肥调控的响应更敏感;与水体氮排放和淋溶氮排放相比,气体氮排放对氮肥调控响应更敏感;与晒田排水氮排放相比,降雨径流氮排放对氮肥调控更为敏感;与土壤NO_(3)^(-)-N淋溶相比,土壤NH_(4)^(+)-N淋溶对氮肥调控响应更敏感。

长春周围地区稻田甲烷排放研究

通过对长春及其周围地区稻田上空甲烷浓度和稻田甲烷排放量持续2年的监测研究发现，在水稻生长季内，该区稻田甲烷排放量的变化曲线里单峰型，排放高峰出现在7月上、中旬至8月上旬的水稻孕穗期，且在此期间，稻田上空甲烷浓度和稻田甲烷排放量关系密切。采用持续淹水方式的C稻田的甲烷平均排放通量为7．65mg·m-2·h－1；采用间歇灌水方式的A、B稻田分别为0．Z7和0．72mg·m-2·h-1。人为的水管理方式和施肥对该区稻田甲烷排放具有重要影响。采用间歇灌水的水管理方式可大幅度降低稻田甲烷的排放量。

Effect on greenhouse gas balance of converting rice paddies to vegetable production

Rice paddies are increasingly being converted to vegetable production due to economic benefits related,in part,to changes in demand during recent decades.Here,we implemented a parallel field experiment to simultaneously measure annual emissions of CH_4and N_2O,and soil organic carbon(SOC)stock changes,in rice paddies(RP),rice paddy–converted conventional vegetable fields(CV),and rice paddy–converted greenhouse vegetable fields(GV).Changing from rice to vegetable production reduced CH_4emissions by nearly 100%,and also triggered substantial N_2O emissions.Furthermore,annual N_2O emissions from GV significantly exceeded those from CV due to lower soil p H and higher soil temperature.Marginal SOC losses occurred after one year of cultivation of RP,CV,and GV,contributing an important share(3.4%,32.2%,and 10.3%,respectively)of the overall global warming potential(GWP)balance.The decline in CH_4emissions outweighed the increased N_2O emissions and SOC losses in CV and GV,leading to a 13%–30%reduction in annual GWP as compared to RP.These results suggest that large-scale expansion of vegetable production at the expense of rice paddies is beneficial for mitigating climate change in terms of the overall GWP.

Effect of Different Winter Cover Crops on Carbon Dioxide Emission in Paddy Field of Double Cropping Rice Area in Southern China

In this study, a two-year experiment was conducted by suing a static chamber method to observe the effects of straw recycling of winter cover crops measure on CO2 emission fluxes in southern China. Three patterns of winter use were performed in the paddy field, including RRR （rice-rice-ryegrass （Lolium multiflorum L.） cropping system）, CRR （rice-rice-Chinese milk vetch （Astragalus sinicus L.） cropping system） and FRR （rice-rice cropping system with winter fallow）. During the winter, the average daily CO2 fluxes were greater （P 〈 0.05） in the RRR and CRR than the FRR. During the winter crop growing seasons, both the average daily CO2 fluxes and the total CO2 emissions were different as the following orders： RRR 〉 CRR 〉 FRR. The average CO2 fluxes during early rice and late rice season were similar. The highest CO2 flux was found at rice tillering stage with an order as the follows： RRR 〉 CRR 〉 FRR and CRR 〉 RRR 〉 FRR both in 2009 and 2010, respectively. The annual CO2 emissions of RRR and CRR were significantly higher respectively by 857.0 g.CO2-C.m2 and 607.4 g.CO2-C.m-2 than the FRR. The results show that straw recycling of winter cover crops measure may strongly influence the CO2 emission in paddy field in southern China.

湿地甲烷排放研究简述

气候变化是全球性的环境问题。气候变暖主要是由于大气中温室气体浓度的不断增加引起的。甲烷与二氧化碳、水汽等一样,是一种重要的温室气体,在温室效应中对全球气候变暖的贡献约占20％。文章对湿地甲烷排放研究从三方面论述:1.

Effects of Urea and Controlled Release Urea Fertilizers on Methane Emission from Paddy Fields: A Multi-Year Field Study

A four-year(2008–2011) field study was implemented in a major rice-growing region of China to better understand the effect of urea and controlled release fertilier(CRF, thermoplastic resin-coated urea in this study) on CH4 emission from paddy fields. Over the four years, the average CH4 emission during the rice growing seasons was 76.9, 65.8 and 64.9 kg CH4ha-1in treatments CK(zero N), U(urea) and C(CRF), respectively. Urea and CRF significantly reduced CH4 emission by 14.4% and 15.6%, and increased average rice grain yield by 25.8% and 19.7%(P < 0.05), respectively, compared with treatment CK. Flooding duration would affect CRF's effect on CH4 emission from paddy fields. Under normal aeration conditions, CH4 emission tended to be 3.9%–15.2% lower in treatment C than in treatment U from 2009 to 2011, while it tended to be 4.2% higher under delayed aeration conditions in 2008. The findings suggest that mid-season aeration(MSA) starting on D30(30 days after rice transplanting), just like the local practice, would optimize the CRF's effect on CH4 emission from rice fields in China. Over the four years, average rice yield did not differ between treatments U and C, and tended to be 5% lower in treatment C than in treatment U.

Straw Application Altered CH_4 Emission,Concentration and ^(13)C-Isotopic Signature of Dissolved CH_4 in a Rice Field

CH4 emission and the concentration of dissolved CH4 in soil solution and floodwater in a rice field and their stable carbon isotopic signatures as affected by straw application were investigated in 2009 in a field experiment at Jurong, Jiangsu Province, China. Straw application increased CH4 emission and CH4 concentration in the soil solution and floodwater. A positive seasonal correlation was also observed in the variation between CH4 flux and CH4 concentration in soil solution. The seasonal total CH4 emission （51.6 g CH4 m^-2） in Treatment WS （straw applied） was about 168% higher than that in Treatment CK （without straw）. The emitted CH4 and CH4 in soil solution were initially relatively enriched, then depleted and finally enriched again in 13C in both treatments, while CH4 in floodwater became isotopically heavier. The carbon isotopic signature of emitted CH4 and CH4 in floodwater averaged around -62%o and -45%0 for both treatments, respectively, and was not significantly influenced by the application of straw. However, straw application caused the CH4 in soil solution to be significantly depleted in lac during the middle of the rice season, and the mean δ13C value was lower in WS （-57.5‰） than in CK （-49.9‰）. Calculation from the isotopic data showed that straw application increased the fraction of CH4 oxidized, causing no significant difference in the δ13C value of the emitted CH4 between the two treatments.

科技传真

不少科学家认为海尔-波晋彗星是从原始气体和尘埃云中产生的,当时太阳系中还没有任何行星诞生。而美国宇航局戈达德空间飞行中心和几所美国大学科学家用红外测量手段对1997年回归的海尔-波普彗星进行测算后认为,这颗彗星的形成时间可能比早先认为的要晚,可能是40亿年前在木星与海王星之间的地带形成的。 科学家们是通过计算海尔-波普彗星内部一氧化碳和水成分的相对比例而得出上述新解释的。据认为。