垄作稻-鱼-鸡共生对水稻茎秆倒伏、穗部性状及产量的影响

为了探究水稻垄作栽培和稻-鱼-鸡共生模式的结合对水稻茎秆倒伏、穗部性状及产量的影响,本文通过设计常规水稻垄作栽培(CK)、水稻垄作养鱼(RF)、水稻垄作养鸡(RC)和水稻垄作养鸡养鱼(RFC)的田间对比试验,研究垄作稻-鱼-鸡共生模式下水稻茎秆倒伏、穗部性状和实际产量的变化。结果表明:2年中4个处理的水稻株高、株鲜重、重心高度和节间长的均值整体无显著性差异。与CK处理相比,RFC和RC处理水稻茎秆节间外径、节间壁厚、穗长和穗鲜重虽呈增加趋势,但均值整体也无显著性差异;水稻产量也保持稳定。RF处理水稻茎秆节间外径、壁厚、穗长和穗鲜重均呈降低趋势,且2019年穗鲜重达显著降低(P<0.05);水稻产量2年平均降低为29.98%(P<0.05),其余均值整体无显著性差异。2年中RFC和RC较CK处理水稻节间茎秆抗折力平均增加19.69%和8.10%,且2年中RFC的第4和第5节间茎秆抗折力显著增加(P<0.05);而RF处理茎秆抗弯截面模量和抗折力整体均呈降低趋势,但均值整体变化不显著。RFC和RC较CK处理水稻茎秆节间最大应力均值降低为17.85%和15.08%,倒伏指数均值降低为4.35%和4.26%,但未达显著水平;RF处理茎秆节间倒伏指数平均增加11.47%,且2018年第3和2019年第2~5节间均达显著性差异(P<0.05)。综上所述,垄作稻-鱼-鸡共生和垄作稻-鸡共生模式能够提高水稻穗长和穗鲜重,稳定水稻产量,增加水稻茎秆节间外径和壁厚,提高茎秆抗折力和抗弯截面模量,降低茎秆最大应力和倒伏指数,从而具有一定的壮秆效应和抗倒伏能力。

“稻-鳖-鱼-鸭”复合共生模式种养技术与前景探讨

"稻-鳖-鱼-鸭"复合共生生态种养模式是一种对稻田空间利用更加充分的新型生态种养模式。本研究从稻田生态系统构建的角度,利用稻田生态位和食物供应链原理分析了"稻-鳖-鱼-鸭"复合共生生态种养模式的科学性;从共生田准备、水稻种植、共生对象的饲养、大田管理等几个方面详细介绍了"稻-鳖-鱼-鸭"复合共生生态种养模式技术流程;分析了"稻-鳖-鱼-鸭"复合共生生态种养模式的经济效益、生态效益和社会效益,探讨了其发展前景。

不同稻、鸭、鱼共生模式对土壤质量及水稻生长发育的影响

稻-鸭-鱼共生模式是我国独特的稻田生态种养模式。为探究不同稻、鸭、鱼共生模式对土壤质量、水稻生物量积累、水稻群体生长特性及产量的影响,设计稻田-绿头鸭(R-WD)、稻田-番鸭(R-MD)、稻田-丁■鱼-番鸭(R-MDT)、稻田-丁■鱼(R-T)模式与水稻单作(CK)的田间对比试验。结果表明,与CK处理相比,R-WD、R-MD、R-MDT处理在整个生育期土壤pH值均降低,R-WD、R-MD处理的水稻有机质、全氮、碱解氮、全磷、速效磷含量均有所提高。与CK处理相比,R-WD、R-MD、R-MDT、R-T处理在孕穗期至成熟期水稻的叶面积指数提高了14.68%~39.79%、5.11%~26.23%、7.75%~64.60%、8.84%~31.29%;在成熟期的SPAD值分别提高28.55%、11.88%、22.94%、17.79%;从分蘖期到成熟期的光合势提高了1.53%~22.67%、9.36%~27.57%、11.84%~40.61%、11.79%~50.24%;收获指数提高了8.53%、23.30%、11.05%、15.49%;水稻产量提高了5.24%、8.74%、12.61%、11.99%。综上所述,稻田-绿头鸭、稻田-番鸭、稻田-丁■鱼-番鸭、稻田-丁■鱼模式均可提高土壤养分含量,延缓水稻叶片衰老,促进水稻生物量的积累,提高水稻群体生长速率、净同化率、光合势,并表现出较高的水稻产量。

Standards of Ecological Compensation for Traditional Ecoagriculture:Taking Rice-Fish System in Hani Terrace as an Example

Traditional eco-agriculture provides many ecosystem services which are important for the local environment, especially in mountain areas. In order to encourage the farmers to engage in coo-agriculture, it is necessary to establish an eco-compensation mechanism for them. As the compensation standard is one of key issues in establishing eeo-compensation mechanism, this paper calculated the standard based on the farmers＇ willingness to accept （WTA） and the input-output analysis of eco-compensation. We took the traditional rice-fish eco-agriculture as the research object, conducting field surveys in Hani Terrace of Honghe County. Through the questionnaires in 2o11, we obtained the farmers＇ willingness to accept government compensation and market compensation. Then, the research evaluated the output of eco-compensation, the economic value of rice-fish paddy ecosystem services. Finally, under different market compensation standards, we compared the input and output of government compensation. The results show that, in 2011 the government should to pay farmers 7462 yuan.ha^-1·a^-1 to meet their willingness, but the output （ecological benefit） was only 7393 yuan.ha^-1·a^-1. However, whenthe rice price increases 1 yuan·kg-1 because of the limited use of chemicals in the next year, the government just has to pay farmers 4062 yuan.ha^-1·a^-1 and the surplus will be 3331 yuan.ha^-1·a^-1.

稻鱼共生生态系统中物质循环及经济效益的探析

稻鱼共生理论是在种植水稻时放养鱼类使鱼类和水稻共同生长在稻田中,从而形成一个人工的稻鱼共生生态系统.鱼类能有效促进稻田间的物质循环,使稻苗健康茁壮成长,实现增产增收.本文将对稻鱼共生生态系统中的物质循环及经济效益,进行简要分析.

Conceptual Framework for Economic Evaluation of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS): Case of Rice-Fish Co-Culture in China

The Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems （GIAHS） initiative was launched by the Food and Agriculture Organization （FAO） of the United Nations in 2002 with the aim of establishing the basis for the global recognition,dynamic conservation and adaptive management of outstanding traditional agricultural systems and their associated landscapes,biodiversity,knowledge systems and cultures.There is anecdotal evidence that designated GIAHS are economically better than non-GIAHS sites.However,there have not been done an economic analysis to prove this.Nor are any sophisticated economic performance criteria for GIAHS in place for a continuously monitoring of the functioning.Therefore,the main objective of this study is to conduct an economic valuation for a GIAHS system versus a similar non designated GIAHS system.For this,a Cost-Benefit Analysis （CBA） is chosen.The major constraint is the data availability.Therefore,a framework for economic analysis shall be developed with the intention to provide directions,assumptions,and data requirement to carry out an economic analysis and so give guidance on future inclusion of economic valuations of GIAHS.Theconceptual framework for economic assessment will use the Rice-Fish pilot site in China as a case study.The example calculations on the rice-fish co-culture （RFC） have to be taken cautiously due to data availability on different activities （tourism,marketed products on local and international markets） as well as comparison to similar systems.

Ecological Benefit Evaluation of Agricultural Heritage System Conservation——A Case Study of the Qingtian Rice-Fish Culture System

In order to better understand the developmental conditions and trends of the biodiversity at agricultural heritage sites,the structure and function of the ecosystem and ecological environment in Qingtian Rice-Fish Culture System is examined in the decade since the implementation of the GIAHS project.Through the collection of historical data and sample-plot survey,this study collates the data from 2005 to 2013 related to the heritage site to evaluate the ecological benefit of the Agricultural Heritage System conservation.The results show that:(1)Since the implementation of heritage conservation,the variety of traditional rice grown at the heritage sites basically remains stable,the varieties of other crops basically remain unchanged and the varieties of fruit trees and medicinal plants have developed at faster rates.As the ecological environment at the heritage sites gradually improved,the species and richness of the biodiversity in the ecosystem have increased,especially the increasing growth of egrets and boars.(2)From 2005 to 2013 in the Fangshan Town of Qingtian County,the ecosystem areas identified as river,forest,urban and bare land have increased.The increased area of the urban ecosystem is the largest one of them,which is up to 20.30 ha;while the area of the forest ecosystem has increased to 7.29 ha.The areas of wetland,reservoir,farmland and grassland have been reduced,and the area of grassland ecosystem has been reduced the most with a reduction of 28.87 ha.From the changes in the values of the ecosystem services of different ecosystem types,the values of forest ecosystem services have achieved the most growth,reaching up to 92000 yuan yr-1 and the growth of the river and bare land ecosystem service values are not obvious.(3)Over nearly a decade,the soil nutrients and the water quality of rice fields at the heritage site have not obviously changed and the plant diseases and insect pests in the rice fields have not been aggravated.The monitoring indexes are far better than the standard values.With the great support of the local government,the production and living conditions and the living environments of farmers in the villages of the heritage sites have been greatly improved through road reconstruction,water improvement,toilet enhancements and the greening,brightness and beautification of the villages.

Design and Application of the Annual Report of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems(GIAHS)Monitoring

Scientific and effective heritage monitoring can not only realize the conservation of the heritage itself and the maintenance of its values,but it can also realize the sustainable development of the heritage site.In order to promote the conservation and management of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems(GIAHS),this study proposed a design for the annual report of GIAHS monitoring under the overall framework of the GIAHS monitoring system,and explored the application of the annual report in the first GIAHS site in China:the Qingtian Rice-Fish Culture System.In the design scheme of this study,the GIAHS annual monitoring report is composed of 24 monitoring items,with each of them logically related.It is to be filled in by the bureaus of the heritage site and reported through the GIAHS dynamic monitoring system.The results of an analysis of the annual reports of Qingtian Rice-Fish Culture System for four years showed that Qingtian County has taken a series of conservation and development measures which have reduced the area of abandoned paddy,enhanced the unit benefit of agri-products,and increased the farmers’income.At the same time,the heritage site is faced with various challenges and threats,such as the weakening of the tourism attraction,the aging of the heritage practitioners,and the limitation of the heritage-themed agri-products and tourism income,which need to be addressed with proper measures.The results can also provide guidance for other GIAHS based on indications that heritage sites should improve the development of cultural products,the construction of social organization and the cultivation of spontaneous publicity,and an exchange and learning mechanism should be established among them in the future.The design and application of the GIAHS annual monitoring reports can not only provide specific guidance for conducting the GIAHS monitoring,but also lay the foundation for evaluating the effectiveness of GIAHS conservation and management.This study is expected to help enrich the theory of GIAHS monitoring,further promote China’s GIAHS monitoring work,and also provide China’s experience for the benefit of international GIAHS monitoring efforts.