基于空气流动学的驱潮系统模型设计

变电站中的电力箱体作为电网一、二次设备的重要载体,箱体内的温湿度情况会对相关一、二次设备的正常运行产生较大影响,因此,箱体的防潮、驱潮变得尤为重要。鉴于此,在分析比较常见驱潮方法的基础上,综合考虑电力箱体与驱潮设备配合,同时根据空气流动学原理设计了一款驱潮系统模型,并提出了具体的温湿度控制策略。

AN IMPROVED MODEL OF CURVED VORTEX ELEMENT FOR ROTOR WAKE ANALYSIS

This paper describes an improved model of curved vortex element on the circular arc (CVEC) for rotor wake analysis.As the key of the paper,two approximate formulas are derived by the series of limited terms to replace the Legendre incomplete elliptical integrals from the Biot-Savart integration,and the analytical solution of the induced velocity for the CVEC is obtained, which is more efficient in the complex rotor free wake calculation. Furthermore,the approximate formulas with the chosen factors are selected to avoid sigularity and give finite result of the induced velocity on the Vortex line,and an equivalent viscous vortex core radius might be evaluated.As examples, the induced velocity calculations on the vortex ring and two turns of a skew vortex helix are performed, and the comparisons between the circular-arc vortex element and the conventional straightline vortex element (SLVE) are given.It is shown that this curved vortex element model is advantageous over the SLVE model and is suitable for the rotor wake analysis.

一种智能型环境控制系统应用

变电站中的电力箱体是电网一二次设备的重要载体,箱体内的温湿度情况将会对这些一二次设备的正常运行产生较大的影响,因此防潮、驱潮类环境控制措施占有重要地位。基于此,对行业中几种常用的温湿度控制手段进行比较分析,考虑实用性的同时根据空气流动学原理设计了一款驱潮系统模型,并提出了具体的温湿度控制策略。

Three-Dimensional Numerical Investigation of the Separation Process in a Vortex Tube at Different Operating Conditions

Air separators provide safe, clean, and appropriate air flow to engines and are widely used in vehicles with large engines such as ships and submarines. In this operational study, the separation process in a Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube cleaning （cooling） system is investigated to analyze the impact of the operating gas type on the vortex tube performance; the operating gases used are air, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. The computational fluid dynamic model used is equipped with a three-dimensional structure, and the steady-state condition is applied during computations. The standard k-c turbulence model is employed to resolve nonlinear flow equations, and various key parameters, such as hot and cold exhaust thermal drops, and power separation rates, are described numerically. The results show that nitrogen dioxide creates the greatest separation power out of all gases tested, and the numerical results are validated by good agreement with available experimental data. In addition, a comparison is made between the use of two different boundary conditions, the pressure-far-field and the pressure-outlet, when analyzing complex turbulent flows in the air separators. Results present a comprehensive and practical solution for use in future numerical studies.

Coupled simulation of BES-CFD and performance assessment of energy recovery ventilation system for office model

Thermal comfort and indoor air quality as well as the energy efficiency have been recognized as essential parts of sustainable building assessment. This work aims to analyze the energy conservation of the heat recovery ventilator and to investigate the effect of the air supply arrangement. Three types of mixing ventilation are chosen for the analysis of coupling ANSYS/FLUENT （a computational fluid dynamics （CFD） program） with TRNSYS （a building energy simulation （BES） software）. The adoption of mutual complementary boundary conditions for CFD and BES provides more accurate and complete information of indoor air distribution and thermal performance in buildings. A typical office-space situated in a middle storey is chosen for the analysis. The office-space is equipped with air-conditioners on the ceiling. A heat recovery ventilation system directly supplies flesh air to the office space. Its thermal performance and indoor air distribution predicted by the coupled method are compared under three types of ventilation system. When the supply and return openings for ventilation are arranged on the ceiling, there is no critical difference between the predictions of the coupled method and BES on the energy consumption of HVAC because PID control is adopted for the supply air temperature of the occupied zone. On the other hand, approximately 21% discrepancy for the heat recovery estimation in the maximum between the simulated results of coupled method and BES-only can be obviously found in the floor air supply ventilation case. The discrepancy emphasizes the necessity of coupling CFD with BES when vertical air temperature gradient exists. Our future target is to estimate the optimum design of heat recovery ventilation system to control CO2 concentration by adjusting flow rate of flesh air.

Effect of Porosity on the Wind Loads on a Hyperbolic Paraboloid Canopy Roof

A discussion is made of the wind force coefficients for designing the main wind force resisting systems of H.P. （Hyperbolic-Paraboid）-shaped porous canopy roofs on the basis of a wind tunnel experiment. Roof models with a number of small circular holes were made of nylon resin using laser lithography. The porosity was changed from 0 （solid） to 0.4. Besides the porosity, the geometric parameters of the models were the rise to span ratio and slope of the roof. The overall aerodynamic forces and moments acting on a model were measured by a six-component force balance in a turbulent boundary layer. The results indicate that the porosity significantly reduces the wind loads. The design wind force coefficients for porous canopy roofs can be provided by those for solid roofs with the same configuration multiplied by a reduction factor. The proposed wind force coefficients are verified by a comparison of the load effect predicted by the proposed wind force coefficients with the maximum load effect obtained from dynamic analyses using the time history of wind force and moment coefficients. The axial forces induced in the columns supporting the roof are regarded as the load effect for discussing the design wind loads.

Dynamic behaviors and mitigation measures of a train passing through windbreak transitions from ground to cutting

In this paper,the effects of a right-angle windbreak transition(RWT)from the flat ground to cutting on train aerodynamic and dynamic responses were investigated,then a mitigation measure,an oblique structure transition(OST)was proposed to reduce the impact of RWT on the train aerodynamic and dynamic performance.The results showed that in the RWT region,the airflow was divided into two parts.One part of the airflow induced a strong backflow in the flat ground position,and the other part of the airflow induced a strong backflow in the cutting position.Therefore,there were two lateral impacts on the train.For the head car with the OST,the drop ratios of the peak-to-peak values compared with RWT were 47%,40%,and 52%for the side force coefficient C_(Fy),lift force coefficient C_(Fz) and overturning moment coefficient C_(Mx),respectively.For the peak-to-peak value of the dynamic parameters,the drop ratios of OST compared with RWT were all larger than 50%.The maximum dynamic overturning coefficients for RWT and OST were 0.75 and 0.3,respectively.

Experimental study on performance of contra-rotating axial flow fan

Contra-rotating axial flow fan is a kind of the vital equipment in coal mines. Their work conditions directly affect the safety of staff and production. In the paper, the performance of the contra-rotating axial flow fan is experi- mentally investigated. The study is focused on the fan performance, the shaft power and the match between the motor and fan efficiency at different blade angles. The results show that the blade angle 43°/26° has the best aerodynamic perfor- mance. The first engine has a greater impact on the fan than the second one. The blade angle with the best aerodynamic performance does not necessarily correspond to the one with the best match between the motor and fan efficiency. The blade angle 43°/24° is the best choice for the operation of the fan in the present study.

Lateral aerodynamic performance and speed limits of double-deck container vehicles with different structures

Based on 3D, steady N-S equations and k-e turbulence model, Fluent was employed to do numerical simulation for lateral aerodynamic performance of 6-axis X2K double-deck container trains with two different loading forms, and speed limits of the freight trains were studied. The result indicates that under wind environment： 1） As for vehicles without and with cross-loaded structure, aero-pressure on the former is bigger, but air velocity around the latter is larger; 2） When sideslip angle θ=0°, the airflow is symmetry about train vertical axis; when θ〉0°, the airflow is detached at the top of vehicles, and the air velocity increases above the separated line but decreases below it; 3） With θ increasing, the lateral force on the mid vehicle firstly increases but decreases as θ=75°; 4） When the 6-axis X2K fiat car loads empty boxes of a 40 ft and a 48 ft at 120 km/h, the overturning wind speed is 25.19 m/s, and the train should be stopped under the 12th grade wind speed.

Experimental Investigation of the Aerodynamic Flow in the Aircraft Carrier Ski-jump by means of PIV

Computational Fluid Dynamics （CFD） methods have opened a new field to perform aerodynamic studies saving money and time. The difficulties presented by this method to calculate complex flow field problems imply that CFD validation is needed to provide correct results. Experimental data have recently been used to validate the accuracy of CFD predictions. Particle Image Velocimetry （PIV） has shown to be a powerful tool in the investigation of complex flows. The aim of this paper is to present results from PIV experiments that would be interesting for CFD validation. Regarding aircraft operations, the short runway available implies the necessity of equipment which helps to take-off performances. Ski-jump ramp system improves aircraft performances by an increment of lift resulting in successful take-off operations. The ski-jump ramp presence generates a complex flow bounded by a turbulent shear layer and a low velocity recirculation bubble over the end of the flight deck. The adverse effects on the aircraft aerodynamics affect to pilot safe operations, so this region is an interesting problem to be studied by means of wind tunnel experimental tests.

Design and parametric optimization of thermal management of lithium-ion battery module with reciprocating air-flow

Single cell temperature difference of lithium-ion battery(LIB) module will significantly affect the safety and cycle life of the battery. The reciprocating air-flow module created by a periodic reversal of the air flow was investigated in an effort to mitigate the inherent temperature gradient problem of the conventional battery system with a unidirectional coolant flow with computational fluid dynamics(CFD). Orthogonal experiment and optimization design method based on computational fluid dynamics virtual experiments were developed. A set of optimized design factors for the cooling of reciprocating air flow of LIB thermal management was determined. The simulation experiments show that the reciprocating flow can achieve good heat dissipation, reduce the temperature difference, improve the temperature homogeneity and effectively lower the maximal temperature of the modular battery. The reciprocating flow improves the safety, long-term performance and life span of LIB.

Fluid-structure interaction of panel in supersonic fluid passage

Fluid-structure interaction of panel in supersonic fluid passage is studied with subcycling and spline interpolation based predict-correct scheme. The passage is formed with two parallel panels, one is rigid and the other is flexible. The interaction between fluid flows and flexible panel is numerically studied, mainly focused on the effect of dynamic pressure and distance between two parallel panels. Subcycling and spline interpolation based predict-correct scheme is utilized to combine the vibration and fluid analysis and to stabilize long-term calculations to get accurate results. It’s demonstrated that the flutter characteristic of flexible panel is more complex with the increase of dynamic pressure and the decrease of distance between two parallel panels. Via analyzing the propagation and reflection of disturbance in passage, it’s determined as a main cause of the variations.

The Influence of Modulated Slotted Synthetic Jet on the Bypass of Hump

This paper deals with the influence of phase modulated synthetic jet on the aerodynamics of the hump in a closed test section Of the Eiffel-type wind tunnel. Three experimental methods of measurement techniques of this phenomenon were used： the pressure profile using the Kiel total pressure probe, the velocity profile using the CTA （constant temperature anemometry） probe and the visualization of the flow field using the hot film and the thermo camera, The experimental results with and without the influence of the synthetic jet were compared, as well the impact of the phase shift of the neighbouring synthetic jets. As a reference case, the flow around the hump without the influence of the synthetic jet was selected. The results of the measurement are presented in figures and compared.

Experimental and Numerical Study of Wind Noise Caused by Cowl Area on Volvo XC60

This paper presents a detailed experimental and numerical study of aerodynamically produced noise which occurs due to turbulent structures created by the cowl cavity and side mirror. Measurements were carried out at Volvo aerodynamical wind tunnel on a Volvo XC60 production model. The configurations considered here are： side mirror On/Off with the cowl cavity open/closed. The results of exterior sound source mapping （with the intensity probe placed in the flow stream） have been compared with the results of the measurements inside the car. The contribution of the cowl area to overall wind noise level is measured in terms of AI% （Articulation Index） inside the compartment. It was shown that increase in AI by 2% could be attributed to the cowl generated wind noise. Transient numerical simulations of the turbulent flow around the car have been performed for all configurations. The results of the simulations show similarity to experimental results and give insight to the flow structures around the car.

Conceptual design and aerodynamic evaluation of hypersonic airplane with double flanking air inlets

To aim at design requirements of high lift-to-drag ratio as well as high volumetric efficiency of next generation hypersonic airplanes,a body-wing-blending configuration with double flanking air inlets layout is presented.Moreover,a novel forebody design methodology which by rotating and assembling two waverider-based surfaces is firstly introduced in this paper.Some typical configurations are designed and their aerodynamic performances are evaluated by computational fluid dynamics.The results for forebodies analysis show that large volumetric efficiency,high lift-to-drag ratio,and uniformly distributed flowfield at the inlet cross section can be assured simultaneously.Furthermore,results of numerical simulation of four integrated configurations with various leading edge shapes,including three power-law curves and a cosine curve clearly show the advantage of high lift-to-drag ratio.Besides,the high pressure generated by the side wall of the airframe can be partly captured by the reasonably designed wings in the condition of small flight attack angle.Then the order of lift-to-drag ratio of four configurations at 0 degree flight attack angle is completely different from the condition of 4-degree flight attack angle.This result demonstrates that the curve shape of the leading edge is very important for the lift-to-drag ratio of the aircraft,and it should be further optimized under the cruising attack angle in future work.

Aerodynamic modeling and stability analysis of a high-speed train under strong rain and crosswind conditions

With the development of high-speed train,it is considerably concerned about the aerodynamic characteristics and operation safety issues of the high-speed train under extreme weather conditions.The aerodynamic performance of a high-speed train under heavy rain and strong crosswind conditions are modeled using the Eulerian two-phase model in this paper.The impact of heavy rainfall on train aerodynamics is investigated,coupling heavy rain and a strong crosswind.Results show that the lift force,side force,and rolling moment of the train increase significantly with wind speed up to 40 m/s under a rainfall rate of 60 mm/h.when considering the rain and wind conditions.The increases of the lift force,side force,and rolling moment may deteriorate the train operating safety and cause the train to overturn.A quasi-static stability analysis based on the moment balance is used to determine the limit safety speed of a train under different rain and wind levels.The results can provide a frame of reference for the train safe operation under strong rain and crosswind conditions.

Vortices and Vortical Structures in Internal Aerodynamcs

The paper aims at summarizing the author’s recent phenomenological study of the orthe, developmeot and identification of vortical structures in internal aerodynamics.A connection between evolution of these structures and flow separation in closed cUrVed channels is also discussed. It has been shown that in real fluids the individual vortex cores very soon lose their identity and merge into a new dissipative structure, the properties of which still have to be defined.

Counter Rotating Fans- An Aircraft Propulsion for the Future?

In the mid seventies a new propulsor for aircraft was designed and investigated - the so-called PROPFAN. With regard to the total pressure increase, it ranges between a conventional propeller and a turbofan with very high bypass ratio. This new propulsion system promised a reduction in fuel consumption of 15 to 25% compared to engines at that time.A lot of propfans (Hamilton Standard, USA) with different numbers of blades and blade shapes have been designed and tested in wind tunnels in order to find an optimum in efficiency, Fig.1. Parallel to this development GE, USA, made a design of a counter rotating unducted propfan, the so-called UDF, Fig.2. A prototype engine was manufactured and investigated on an in-flight test bed mounted at the MD82 and the B727. Since that time there has not been any further development of propfans (except AN 70 with NK 90-engine, Ukraine, which is more or less a propeller design) due to relatively low fuel prices and technical obstacles. Only technical programs in different countries are still going on in order to prepare a data base for designing counter rotating fans in terms of aeroacoustics, aerodynamics and aeroelasticities. In DLR, Germany, a lot of experimental and numerical work has been undertaken to understand the physical behaviour of the unsteady flow in a counter rotating fan.

An Experimental Study on Aerodynamic Sound Generated from Wake Interaction of Circular Cylinder and Airfoil with Attack Angle in Tandem

In our previous study, the effects of the interval between the cylinder and the airfoil on the aerodynamic sound were investigated and compared with the cases of single circular and single airfoil. In this study, the effects of the attack angle of the airfoil located downstream on the characteristics of aerodynamic sound and the wake structure are investigated at a given interval between the cylinder and the airfoil. It is found that the sound pressure level of DFN and the peak frequency decrease with increasing attack angle of airfoil because of the diffusive wake structure due to the increased back pressure of circular cylinder, which is caused by the blocking effect of airfoil. It is shown that the sound sources are corresponded to the attack points of shedding vortex form the upstream circular cylinder to the downstream airfoil. We conclude that the pressure fluctuation at the airfoil surface effects on the sound pressure level, from the flow visualizations and the exploration test of sound source.

Analysis of the Water Film Behavior and its Breakup on Profile using Experimental and Numerical Methods

This paper deals with the description of water film behaviour on the airfoil NACA0012 using experimental and numerical methods. Properties of the water film on the profile and its breakup into droplets behind the profile are investigated in the aerodynamic tunnel and using CFD methods. The characteristic parameters of the water film, like its thickness and shape for different flow modes are described. Hereafter are described droplets drifted by the air, which water film is broken behind the profile.