宣化空气质量污染特征及污染原因分析

通过对宣化区环境监测站多年来对当地环境监测结果的分析，得知影响全区空气质量的主要污染因子为总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)和二氧化硫(SO2)，且冬春两季污染浓度较另外两季高。形成污染的原因主要有：宣化地区落后的工业生产工艺、传统的燃煤取暖方式、自然环境和本地农业生产方式等几方面因素。由于诸多自然的和人为的因素影响，近年来降雨量的减少，造成张家口、宣化地区的沙尘所引起的污染日趋严重，还严重影响了京津地区的气候环境。

浅谈机动车排气污染对城市道路空气质量的影响

通过开展对广州市黄石路交通干线道路空气质量监测,了解和掌握机动车排气污染对交通道路空气质量的影响,对应广州市大气自动监测系统麓湖国控点同步监测数据,分析污染物NOX、NO2、NO、PM10的变化规律和浓度变化情况,作机动车排气污染对交通干线道路环境空气质量影响的探讨。

新冠疫情期间东营市空气污染物浓度变化分析

为探究废气排放对空气污染的影响,采用时间序列分析法与Pearson相关性分析法,对东营市疫情期间污染物浓度从空间、时间角度分析。结果表明东营疫情期间NO_(2)、SO_(2)、PM10、PM2.5、CO浓度呈现南部污染>中部污染>北部污染,内陆大于沿海区域的趋势,O3则表现为北部>南部。疫情期间除O3浓度上升外其余5项污染物浓度均明显下降。在小时尺度下,PM2.5、PM10、CO呈倒"S"型变化,时间在上午9点污染严重,16点污染最轻。NO_(2)与O3呈负相关性,相关系数为-0.913。SO_(2)疫情前后呈"双峰单谷",疫情中呈"双谷单峰"变化。表明减少废气排放可有效减缓各污染物浓度,研究成果为政府治理环境提供依据。

室内植物墙吸附室内化学污染的研究

当前,对室内植物污染的监测及改进国内外研究已经从宏观角度进入了微观角度,即,从植物的外部数量演化为当前的生活指标,甚至为微纳领域的优化改进。基于室内植物墙吸附室内化学污染的角度,通过实验方法制备新型微米线实现室内植物墙新的应用。实验通过水合肼用作的还原剂实现了植物材料防护微米线的制备,通过SEM、XRD、VSM等测试方法,验证了材料一系列特性。结果表明:制备的防护微米线表现有序的排列,没有出现明显的团聚情况,整体形貌特征良好。制备实现了优秀的产品;还原剂早期实现了较好的水合肼的吸附,表现为较稳定的情况,在后期,粒子间出现了一定团聚的现象,说明还原过程呈现为不稳定情况;制备材料没有明显的其他物质的衍射峰,制备材料具有材料的纯净性。

天山北麓一次沙尘天气污染过程剖析

2004年4月19日天山北麓出现的沙尘天气,造成天山北麓各城镇空气质量严重污染。天山北麓地面至700hPa的水平风、上升运动为沙尘暴发生的驱动力,气温回升和近地层干燥丰富了沙尘物质,天山北麓地面至850hPa对流性不稳定是沙尘暴发生的局地热力不稳定条件。这次沙尘天气的沙尘来源于艾比湖的盐末、北疆耕作土壤和城市自身浮土,上游沙尘的输送与城市自身扬尘的叠加造成城镇颗粒物污染严重超标。

基于微型光纤光谱仪的DOAS系统对大气中NO_2,SO_2和O_3的监测研究(英文)

提出了将基于微型光纤光谱仪的DOAS系统用于空气中NO2、O3和SO2的监测,并对系统的性能包括探测器的偏置、暗电流、噪声和线性以及光谱仪的的光谱分辨率和杂散光进行了测试.在2006年3月合肥郊区用该系统对NO2、O3和SO2进行了连续观测,测量结果与购买的商用仪器DOAS2000(美国热电公司)的测量结果具有很好的相关性.结果显示该系统灵敏、简单易操作、并具有高时间分辨率的优点,非常适用于NO2、O3和SO2的连续观测.

上海PM2.5减排的经济政策

上海应争取在15年内将年均PM2.5浓度从目前的约60微克/立方米降至25微克/立方米。为此,上海应将钢铁、石化企业的高污染设施迁出;加快推动高端服务业发展;制定中长期汽车保有量控制的目标,将汽车保有量的年度增长率降至2%;限制汽车牌照的使用年限和推出道路交通拥堵费制度;将轨道交通总长度提高至1200公里,提高地铁列车节数和改善线路轨道建设规划;通过引入社会资金、独立发行市政债等方式解决公共交通基础设施建设资金短缺的问题;通过税费政策提高常规煤炭消费的成本,大幅提高对清洁能源的补贴;采用新能源凭证交易制度;改善船运货物结构,提高货物中转比例;推行船舶靠港换油政策,建立排放控制区,推广船舶泊岸供电、LNG混合动力船和码头油改气、油改电。

Heat and hazardous contaminant transports in ventilated high-rise industrial halls

Performances and efficiencies of displacement ventilation(DV) and partial ventilation(PV) for industrial halls of different configurations as well as the heat and mass transports within the industrial halls were numerically investigated. Three levels of Rayleigh number(5.8×1010, 1.0×1012 and 2.1×1012) and two values of source contaminant flux(5 mg/s and 50 mg/s) were considered. The inlet Reynolds numbers were 2×104, 5×104, 1.5×105 and 4.5×105 for DV and 5×105, 1×106, 2×106 and 4×106 for PV, respectively. From the results, it is concluded that the above parameters have very complex impacts on the conjugated heat and mass transports. From points of view of acceptable indoor air quality and ventilation efficiency, PV at Re=1×106 with side-located sources and 65% of the supply air extracted through floor level outlets is the best choice when Ra=5.8×1010. However, DVs at Re=5×104 and Re=1.5×105with center-located sources and floor-mounted air suppliers are the best choices for Ra=1.0×1012 and Ra=2.1×1012, respectively. When source contaminant flux reaches 50 mg/s, local extraction as a supplement of general ventilation is recommended. The results can be a first approximation to 3D numerical investigation and preliminary ventilation system design guidelines for high-rise industrial halls.

Characteristics and Cause Analysis of Heavy Haze in Changchun City in Northeast China

Northeast China has been reported as having serious air pollution in China with increasing occurrences of severe haze epi- sodes. Changchun City, as the center of Northeast China, has longstanding industry and is an important agricultural base. Additionally, Changchun City has a long winter requiring heating of buildings emitting pollution into the air. These factors contribute to the complex- ity of haze pollution in this area. In order to analyze the causes of heavy haze, surface air quality has been monitored from 2013 to 2015. By using satellite and meteorological data, atmospheric pollution status, spatio-temporal variations and formation have been analyzed. Results indicated that the air quality in 88.9% of days exceeding air quality index （AQI） level-1 standard （AQI 〉50） according to the National Ambient Air Quality Standard （NAAQS） of China. Conversely, 33.7% of the days showed a higher level with AQI 〉 100. Ex- treme haze events （AQI 〉 300） occurred frequently during agricultural harvesting period （from October 10 to November 10）, intensive winter heating period （from Late-December to February） and period of spring windblown dust （April and May）. Most daily concentra- tions of gaseous pollutants, i.e., NO2 （43.8 gg/m3）, CO （0.9 mg/m3）, SO2 （37.9 gg/m3）, and 03 （74.9 gg/m3） were evaluated within level-1 concentration limits of NAAQS standards. However, particulate matter （PM2.5 and PMI0） concentrations （67.3 ~tg/m3and 115.2 ~g/m3, respectively） were significantly higher than their level-1 limits. Severe haze in spring was caused by offsite transported dust and windblown surface soil. Heavy haze periods during fall and winter were mainly formed by intensive emissions of atmospheric pollutants and steady weather conditions （i.e., low wind speed and inversion layer）. The overlay emissions of widespread straw burning and coal combustion for heating were the dominant factors contributing to haze in autumn, while intensive coal burning during the coldest time was the primary component of total emissions. In addition, general emissions including automobile exhaust, road and construction dust, residential and industrial activities, have significantly increased in recent years, making heavy haze a more frequent occurrence. There- fore, both improved technological strategies and optimized pollution management on a regional scale are necessary to minimize emis- sions in specified seasons in Changchun City, as well as comprehensive control measures in Northeast China.

Air Pollution Concentration Approach to Potential Area Selection of the Air Quality Monitoring Station in Nakhon Ratchasima Municipality, Thailand

The purpose of the study is to generate traffic air information system） to determine a proper zone of AQMS （air analyzed were carbon monoxide （CO）, and nitrogen oxides （NOx） pollution map using mathematical model and GIS （geographic quality monitoring station） in municipality area. The pollutants which can be harmful to people living in the area. The three steps of mapping process were performed under the GIS environment using the existing vehicle emission rates and pollutant dispersion model. First, traffic volume, road network, and the emission rates of road segments varying with types of vehicle were collected from existing data. Second, the pollutant concentrations were calculated by use of CALINE4, a tool with Gaussian dispersion model. The model parameters include emission rate, wind directions and speeds, ambient temperature and observed pollutant concentration, and atmospheric stability during all seasons from the January 1, 2010 to May 31,2011 with regardless the rainy season. This resulted in concentrations at many receptor points along links of the road network. Third, distributions of pollution concentrations were generated by means of the spatial interpolation of those from receptors. The results of pollution raster-based maps are used for determining frequency of violence and combined pollution map. The resulting frequency of violence and intensity concentration will be further integrated to determine a potential area of AQMS. Finally, achieving pollution potential area of AQMS can be located as helpful basic data for efficient traffic and transportation planning.

TYPICAL WEATHER CHARACTERISTICS ASSOCIATED WITH AIR POLLUTION IN HONG KONG AREA

With the hourly data of Air Pollution Index （AP1） by Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department （HKEPD） during the 6 years of 2000 - 2005 and NCEP / NCAR reanalysis data of 2.5°× 2.5° wind and pressure fields, the characteristics of API in Hong Kong area and the impacts of typical weather characteristics on the air pollution in Hong Kong have been studied. The results are shown as follows. （1） The API exhibits obvious seasonal variability as the number of air pollution days increases by the year. For most of the local monitoring stations, it is the most from January to March, a little less from July to September and the least from April to June. （2） There are four typical types of weather situations that are responsible for the air pollution in Hong Kong： tropical cyclones, continental cold highs, transformed highs that have moved out to sea and low pressure troughs.

Synoptic Typing and Its Application for Evaluating Climatic Impact on Air Quality in Urumqi

An automated procedure employing principal-component analysis and a two-stage cluster analysis was developed to classify the synoptic meteorological conditions prevailing over Urumqi, one of the most heavily polluted cities in the world. Six clusters representing different circulation patterns and air-mass characteristics were classified using surface- and upper-meteorological variables during the heating period from 2001 to 2008, and the relationships between synoptic clusters and air quality were evaluated. The heaviest air-pollution episodes occurred when Urumqi was in either an extremely cold, strong anticyclone or at the front of a migrating cyclone, both with light winds, wet surface air, and relatively dry upper air. Moderate pollution was seen when Urumqi was in the pre-cold/cold frontal passages with lower temperatures and light winds or moderate anticyclone with relatively warmer, drier air. When Urumqi was at the front of a migrating anticyclone or in a weak anticyclone with moderate winds and most warm, dry air, or in the cold/post-cold frontal passages with relatively strongly northerly airflows and precipitation, relatively good air quality could be seen. These results suggest that air pollution in Urumqi is very closely related to the synoptic meteorological conditions, which provides an important basis for not only the prediction and control of urban air-quality problems here but also for the analysis of the differential impacts of weather and pollution on human morbidity.

Measurement factors of pollutants inside vehicle

The air quality inside vehicle is concerned widely in the world. The pollution inside vehicle is special serious in China. State Environmental Protection Administration of China is formulating the standard of air quality inside vehicle. However the measurement relates to many factors. Because of the small space, temperature easy changed, various ventilation modes, being close to pollution source of engine exhaust, there are differences between in-vehicle and indoor measurement. The influence of measuring factors was investigated. Those factors include temperature, preconditioning time, ventilation modes, engine state, and sampling fashion. The measuring mode and relating factors were discussed. The suggestion was offered.

Trends of Urban Air Pollution in Zhengzhou City in 1996-2008

Urban air pollution is a commonly concerned environmental problem in the world. Identification of air quality trend using long-term monitoring data is helpful to understand the effectiveness of pollution control strategies. This study, using data from six monitoring stations in Zhengzhou City, analyzed the changing trend in concentrations of SO2, NOJNO2 and TSP/PM10 in 1996-2008, based on non-parametric Mann-Kendall test and Sen＇s slope estimator, and evaluated the comprehensive air pollution level using Multi-Pollutant Index （MPI）. It was found that the concen- tration of each pollutant exceeded obviously the World Health Organization （WHO） guideline value, but the changing trend varied： SO2 and NO2 were significantly increased mainly due to an increase in coal consumption and vehicle number, while NOx, TSP and PM10 decreased. The air pollution was serious, and differed markedly among the three functional regions： it is the most severe in the Industrial and Residential Area （IRA）, followed by the Transportation Hub and Business District （THBD）, and then the High-tech, Cultural and Educational Area （HCEA）. Different from NO2 concentration that had a similar change trend/rate among the function regions, the change rate of PM10 concentra- tion differed spatially, decreased much more obviously in THBD than other two regions. For the whole city, the com- prehensive air pollution level declined gradually, illustrating that the air quality in Zhengzhou was improved in the last decade.

西安地区近几年集中供热发展对环境的改善

本文针对西安市供热近些年的发展,对采暖季供暖的主要污染源燃煤锅炉燃烧对环境空气质量带来的影响进行了分析预测。分析表明,自2006年至今由于城市集中供热的发展,西安市供暖季空气污染得到控制。

Evaluation of the Contribution of Aerosols in the Contamination of the Environment in the Greater Casablanca

The Greater Casablanca, like the other large cities, has experienced significant urban and industrial development in recent years, this development has certainly helped develop the productive fabric, generate significant employment opportunities for hundreds of thousands of families, but at the expense of the mobility and quality of the environment particularly those of the air. The deterioration of the air quality affects more and more the population＇s health with significant cost and damage to the community, this study aims to quantify the degree of aerosols pollution damage and also its health effects.

Characterization of Air Pollution in Urban Areas of Yangtze River Delta,China

The hallmark of development in the Yangtze River Delta(YRD) of East China has been sprawling urbanization. However, air pollution is a significant problem in these urban areas. In this paper, we investigated and analyzed the air pollution index(API) in four cities(Shanghai, Nanjing, Hangzhou and Ningbo) in the YRD from 2001 to 2012. We attempted to empirically examine the relationship between meteorological factors and air quality in the urban areas of the YRD. According to the monitoring data, the API in Shanghai, Nanjing, Hangzhou slightly declined and that in Ningbo increased over the study period. We analyzed the inter-annual, seasonal, and monthly variations of API, from which we found that the air quality had different temporal changes in the four cities. It was indicated that air quality was poor in winter and spring and best in summer. Furthermore, different weather conditions affected air quality level. The wind direction was considered as an important and influential factor to air pollution, which has an impact on the accumulating or cleaning processes of pollutants. The air quality was influenced by the different wind directions that varied with seasons and cities.

Air Quality Legislation and Standards in the European Union: Background, Status and Public Participation

In order to improve air quality, the European Union introduced the New Air Quality Directive in 2008 and set its Member States strict targets on air pollution concentrations for the most harmful and challenging substances, such as fine particles. The law enforcement relies on a monitoring and reporting system to inform the European Commission and the public, for it is the citizens' right to be informed about harmful air quality. With sectoral measures, air quality could be improved in the past 20 years, but some emissions concentrations have stagnated in recent years and emissions temporarily exceed thresholds in nearly half of the Member States. The European Emission Inventory allows the commission to identify the substances, areas, and times of exceedances, and to implement sectoral measures leading to air quality improvements, all of which have to be made available publicly. This manuscript introduces the air quality legislation and reviews the quality of European air for recent years.

Study on the Environmental Quality Guarantee Ratio on the Basis of Total Air Pollutant Emission Amount Control

The hourly and daily air quality concentration in the total air pollutant emission amount control zone is not sure to be continuously up to national ambient air quality standard, even though the total annual air pollutant emission is permitted under the total air pollutant emission amount control (TAPEAC) on the basis of A-value method. So the concept of the environmental quality guarantee ratio (EQGR) for TAPEAC is advanced in this paper and its quantitative formula is figured out for both hourly and daily EQGR. It is concluded that the EQGR is related with the yearly arrangement of A-value besides the pollutant type. According to the meteorological data in a lower area along Yangtze River in 2000, the yearly A-value trend is analyzed. Based on the data, the hourly EQGR of SO 2 and NO 2 is respectively 97.4% and 90.2%, and daily EQGR respectively 90.2% and 79.5%.

The Effect of the Hot Springs at the Umm Qeis Archaeological Site and Museum

Several recent studies have pointed out that northern parts of Jordan are exposed to high levels of the effect of the hot spring, which is widely known to have severe impacts on health, vegetation and structures. North Jordan has a wealth of ancient heritage including six out of the ten Decapolis Cities. Air pollution that comes out from the hot springs is alleged to deteriorate and erode buildings, structures, statues and monuments through acid deposition. Therefore, this research was conducted to assess air quality at Gadara, the capital of the ancient Decapolis and suggest mitigation measures that have to be adopted in order to save the ancient heritage against further deterioration. Measurements revealed that most criteria air pollutants including sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide attain corresponding national ambient air quality standards. Atmospheric concentrations of NO are strongly linked to the amount of 03. Simultaneous exposure to SO2 and NO2 demonstrated that a catalytic reaction takes place which increases the rate of sulphate production after 30 h exposure.