空混气作为中国天然气调峰储备气源的必要性和可行性

近年来,中国北方冬季采暖季时常爆发大面积供气紧张,由于我国能源结构中富煤、贫油、少气的资源禀赋,再加上近年"煤改气"项目的大范围落地实施,加剧了天然气供应的紧张形势。为了提高国内天然气供应的保障度,在分析近年频发天然气供气紧张危机成因和目前常见天然气储备方案特点的基础上,提出了气态液化石油气掺混空气(以下简称空混气)作为调峰储备气源的方案,并对其必要性和可行性进行了讨论。研究结果表明:(1)储气能力不足已成为制约我国天然气产业可持续发展的瓶颈,国内大量进口LNG的做法形成了天然气对外依存度过高的危机;(2)空混气可作为适合的天然气替代产品和调峰储备气源;(3)空混气具有建设投入少、维护简单,安全性好、不需要额外的燃气系统、地下管网与调压设施等可与天然气通用、可避免重复投资浪费,点供更加便捷灵活,可以实时启动"等优势和价值。结论认为:(1)空混气是切实可行的天然气调峰储备气源,管输气用户可以根据自身特点和实际需求,合理考虑选择压缩天然气、液化天然气、空混气或者其组合作为储气气源;(2)未来能源发展应注重品种、渠道多元化,应从国家能源战略储备安全的角度,最大限度地满足地方燃气调峰储备要求,实现多气源、多气种的融合发展。

人工煤气转换空混气后对管网与灶具的影响及解决办法初探

0 前言城市燃气是城市建设的重要基础设施之一,随着城市建设的发展和人民生活水平的提高,对城市燃气提出了更高的要求。厦门市管道煤气的供应,始于1990年12月,所供气源为增热水煤气。

空混气作为天然气过渡气源的可行性探讨

1、前言自“八五”计划以来,上海的煤气事业飞速发展,民用煤气的普及率在“八五”期末达到80％以上。进入“九五”后,98年底东海天然气将在浦东登陆,将使浦东的燃气工程发展更上一个台阶。但是。

水煤气转换为空混气时的供气方式及管网改造

本文总结厦门市煤制气系统气源转换工作遇到的主要问题及解决办法：根据两种不同气质气源，选择合理的供气方式，并对输配系统进行相应改造．

煤制气管网改供空混气的方案选择及管网改造

本文主要探讨厦门市旧城区原煤制气供气区域改供空混气可能遇到的问题及解决方法．针对不同性质的两种气源，选择合理的供气方式，并对运行管网和附属设施进行改造。

十堰市液化石油气混空气置换

根据十堰市的实际情况,提出液化石油气空混气置换人工煤气的方案。

杭州市燃气气源转换过程中有关问题的探讨

探讨了气源转换时原有输配系统的管道设施、调压设备、计量设备、用气设备与天然气系统相适应的问题,提出了相应的改造措施;分析了天然气门站置换、天然气置换空混气和人工煤气等气源置换技术。

燃气烤模及应用

本文介绍了某锻造公司采用空混气,烘烤锻造模具的工作原理及其应用,分析了空混气烤模在应用中可能遇到的问题及对策,可供其它单位参考。

煤制气改供LPG混空气方案选择及管网改造

就厦门市旧城区原供煤制气区域改供ＬＰＧ 空混气可能遇到的一些主要问题加以探讨：针对两种气源不同性质，选择合理的供气方式，以及对输配运行管网、附属设施进行合理的改造。

NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF AERODYNAMIC AND MIXING CHARACTERISTICS OF SCARFED LOBED MIXER FOR TURBOFAN ENGINE EXHAUST SYSTEM

The flow field and aerodynamic performances for the scarfed lobed forced mixer are studied based on a computational fluid dynamics（CFD） technique. A series of computations are conducted to obtain the effects of the bypass ratio and the scarf angle on the mixing performance for the scarfed lobed mixer. Results show that the scarfed lobed mixer is reduced in the system weight. Meanwhile, aerodynamic performances are slightly improved compared with the normal lobed mixer. Two reasons for causing the mixing enhancement between the core and the bypass flow are as follows： （1） The stream-wise vortices shed from the training edge of the half/full scarfed lobed mixer earlier is enhanced by about 25%. （2） The mixing augmentation is also associated with the increase of the interface length caused by scarfing. The thermal mixing efficiency is enhanced with the increase of the bypass ratio and the scarfing angle. The scarfed lobed mixer design has no negative effects on the pressure loss. The total pressure recovery coefficient reaches above 0. 935 in various bypass ratios and scarfed angles. As the bypass ratio increases, the total pressure recovery coefficient also increases for the scarfed lobed mixer.

Simulation of a Reverse Flow Reactor for the Catalytic Combustion of Lean Methane Emissions

This work is focused on the performance prediction of pilot scale catalytic reverse flow reactors used for combustion of lean methane-air mixtures. An unsteady one-dimensional heterogeneous model for the reactor was established to account for the influence of the reactor wall on the heat transfer. Results of the simulation indicate that feed concentration, switch time and compensatory temperature impose important influence on the performance of the reactor. The amount of the heat extracted from the mid-section of the reactor can be optimized via adjusting the parameters mentioned above. At the optimal operating conditions, Le. switching time of 400 s, feed concentration of 1% （by volume）, and insulation layer temperature of 343 K, the axial temperature of the reactor revealed a comparatively symmetrical ＂saddle＂ distribution, indicating a favorable operating status of the catalytic reverse flow reactor.

Dependence of Mixed Aerosol Light Scattering Extinction on Relative Humidity in Beijing and Hong Kong

The hygroscopic properties of mixed aerosol particles are crucial for the application of remote sensing products of aerosol optical parameters in the study of air quality and climate at multiple scales. In this study, the authors investigated aerosol optical properties as a func tion of relative humidity （RH） for two representative me tropolises： Beijing and Hong Kong. In addition to the RH data, mass concentrations of PM10 （particulate matter up to 10 utm in diameter） and aerosol scattering extinction coefficient （aext） data were used. The relationship between the mass scattering extinction efficiency （MEE, defined as O＇ext/PMl0） and RH can be expressed by regression func tions asf= 1.52x ＋ 0.29 （re= 0.77）,f= 1.42x ＋ 1.53 （re= 0.58）,f= 1.19x ＋ 0.65 （re= 0.59）, andf= 1.58x ＋ 1.30 （re = 0.61） for spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respec tively, in Beijing. Here, f represents MEE, x represents I/（1-RH）, and the coefficients of determination are pre sented in parentheses. Conversely, in Hong Kong, the corresponding functions are f= 1.98x- 1.40 （r^2= 0.55）,f = 1.32x - 0.36 （r^2 = 0.26）,f= 1.87x - 0.65 （r^2 = 0.64）, and f= 2.39x - 1.47 （r^2 = 0.72）, respectively. The MEE values for Hong Kong at high RHs （RH 〉 70%） are higher than those for Beijing, except in summer; this suggests that aerosols in Hong Kong are more hygroscopic than those in Beijing for the other three seasons, but the aerosol hy groscopicity is similarly high in summer over both cities. This study describes the effects of moisture on aerosol scattering extinction coefficients and provides a potential method of studying atmospheric visibility and ground level air quality using some of the optical remote sensing products of satellites.

Optimal air-supply mode of hybrid system with radiant cooling and dedicated outdoor air

The hybrid system with radiant cooling and dedicated outdoor air not only possesses high energy efficiency, but also creates a healthy and comfortable indoor environment. Indoor air quality will be improved by the dedicated outdoor air system(DOAS) and indoor thermal comfort can be enhanced by the radiant cooling system(RCS). The optimal air-supply mode of the hybrid system and the corresponding design approach were investigated. A full-scale experimental chamber with various air outlets and the ceiling radiant cooling panels(CRCP) was designed and established. The performances of different air-supply modes along with CRCPs were analyzed by multi-index evaluations. Preliminary investigations were also conducted on the humidity stratification and the control effect of different airflow modes to prevent condensation on CRCP. The overhead supply air is recommended as the best combination mode for the hybrid system after comprehensive comparison of the experiment results. The optimal proportion of CRCP accounting for the total cooling capacities in accord with specific cooling loads is found, which may provide valuable reference for the design and operation of the hybrid system.

Numerical Study on Laminar Burning Velocity and Flame Stability of Premixed Methane/Ethylene/Air Flames

A numerical study on premixed methane/ethylene/air flames with various ethylene fractions and equivalence ratios was conducted at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The effects of ethylene addition on laminar burning velocity, flame structure and flame stability under the condition of lean burning were investigated. The results show that the laminar burning velocity increases with ethylene fraction, especially at a large equivalence ratio. More ethylene addition gives rise to higher concentrations of H, O and OH radicals in the flame, which significantly promotes chemical reactions, and a linear correlation exists between the laminar burning velocity and the maximum H + OH concentration in the reaction zone. With the increase of ethylene fraction, the adiabatic flame temperature is raised, while the inner layer temperature becomes lower, contributing to the enhancement of combustion. Markstein length and Markstein number, representative of the flame stability, increase as more ethylene is added, indicating the tendency of flame stability to improve with ethylene addition.

Numerical simulation of 3D viscous flow field of air cooled turbine blades with coolant mixing

To improve thrust and reduce oil consumption of aero-engines, the temperature at turbine inlet is becoming higher and higher, which leads to heavy thermal load of vanes. To efficiently cool the vanes, the mass of coolant with its maximum gas mass flow exceeding to 20% of main stream, has to be increased. In the pres- ent paper, a two-stage turbine with and without coolant mixing was simulated by CFX-TASCflow. Simulation resuits indicate that the flow field structure with coolant is obviously different from that without coolant, and the former has characteristics of lower-speed main flow, reduced mach number, weaker shock intensity and decreased stage efficiency.

Experimental Study on Emission Control of Premixed Catalytic Combustion of Natural Gas Using Preheated Air

In this paper the premixed catalytic combustion emissions such as CO, unburned hydrocarbon (UHC), NOx and the temperature distribution in the catalytic monolith with ultra low concentration of Pd were studied. Three types of monoliths were used for experiments and the temperature of preheated air was respectively 50℃ , 100℃ and 200℃ . The results showed that preheated air made radial temperature in the catalytic monolith uniform which helped to avoid local hot spots so as to decrease NOx emission. The experiment also proved that the shorter monolith showed much better catalytic combustion performance than longer one and the temperature at the exit of the shorter monolith was relatively lower. On the contrary, the temperature was higher in the longer monolith and the lethal NOx emission was slightly increased.

Large-scale Experimental System for Multiphase Fuel/Air Explosions

A large-scale experimental for multiphase combustion and explosion study was developed and manufactured. The explosion tank consists of a 2 m diameter, 3.5 m long tube and ellipsoidai dames on both ends. The volume of the experimental tank is 10 ma. Pressure histories of the explosion pressure can be measured at different locations in the tank. High pressure glass windows of 200～300 mm were used to have access to the visualization of the explosion process. The explosion process of methane/air mixture and methane/coal dust/air mixture initiated by a 40 J electric spark at the center of the tank was studied in the large^scale experimental system. Five pressure sonsars were arranged in the tank with different distances from the ignition point. Ton dust dispersion traits were equipped to eject dust into the tank. A high-speed camera system was used to visualize the flame propagation during the explosion process. The characteristics of the pressure wave and flame propagated in methane/air mixtures and methane/coal dust/air mixtures have been

Study on explosion process of methane-coal dust mixture

The experimental system of 10 m3 large-scale multiphase combustion explosion tank was used for research into the explosion development process under the ignition conditions of methane-coal dust-air mixture, and the overpressure development processes of the mixture at different distances were obtained. For the methane-coal dust-air mixture with an equivalence ratio of 1, the explosion pressure and pressure rise rate reached their maximum under a methane concentration of 8% and a coal dust concentration of 25 g/m3, while the maximum explosion pressure and pressure rise rate both occurred 0.5 m away from the ignition point under a methane concentration of between 4.5% and 8%, and a coal dust concentration of between 25 g/m3 and 1 O0 g/m3. Moreover, the greater the explosion intensity of mixture, the closer the occurrence location of maximum overpres- sure was to the ignition source.

Explosive limits of mixed gases containing CH_4,CO and C_2H_4 in the goaf area

The explosive gases CO and C2H4, released mainly flammable gases during the process of coal self-ignition, are of the most important ingredients of the multi-component gases in goal areas, along with CH4. We have determined some of the parame- ters of explosive properties of the one-component gases CH4, CO and C2H4 using an explosive trial device of polybasic explosive gas mixtures and emphasized particularly the effect on the limits of explosive concentration of the binary explosive mixed gases CH4＋CO, CH4＋C2H4, as a function of the amount of CO, C2H4 and inert flame resisting gases （N2, CO2）. The experimental results show that the effect of inert gases on the explosive limits of mixed gases, given the property of explosive gas, is obvious： the inert gases （N2, CO2） possess some inhibitory effects on the explosion of the multi-component explosive gas mixtures. The results will provide some experimental support to suppress the occurrence of the gas explosions in goaf areas and provide some directions for designing explosion-proof electric equipment and fire arresters.