“平空添上一个花环”辨——兼谈鲁迅“遵命文学”的现实主义精神

“遵命文学”是鲁迅总结《呐喊》的创作经验时提出来的.准确地阐释鲁迅提出的“遵命文学”的含义,对我们正确理解文艺的真实性与倾向性的关系是很有意义的.但是,要弄清“遵命文学”的原意,有一个重要的“结”必须解开,这就是夏瑜坟上平空添上的一个花环.

羡余语言信息的修辞作用初探

一般地说，说话、写文章应该避兔重复，力求做到简洁明确，以尽可能少的语言符号，传递所要传递的信息（最典型的就是电报）。然而，实际的语言交际中所使用的句子，都不可能像电报邵样简约，常常在传递主要信息的时候也包含着或多或少的多余的语言符号，

《药》辩

《药》是鲁迅在“五四”爆发前夕继《狂人日记》、《孔乙己》之后，所写的第三篇小说在鲁迅的创作中，它是属于那些最早“显示了文学革命的实绩”的重要作品之一。解放后不论是在高等院校文科教学中或是中学的语文教学中，都一直把它列为重要的教材。因此如何准确地分析与理解这一作品的内容，也一直是受到人们重视的一个问题。

Modification of Campylobacterjejuni Broiler Colonization by a Feed Additive Composed of Encapsulated Organic Acids and Essential Oils

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a novel feed additive on chicken intestinal colonization and carcass contamination by Campylobacterjejuni. The feed additive was composed of microencapsulated organic acids and essential oils （OA/EO）. The feed additive tested was provided by Jefo Nutrition Inc., St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada. Day-old birds were separated into two rooms and subdivided into two groups. Chicken were fed with OA/EO or not fed with OA/EO until they reached 35 d of age. At 14 d of age, chickens received an oral suspension of two well characterized C. jejuni strains, depending on the room they were housed in. The levels of C. jejuni were periodically monitored in the caecum and on the carcasses. C. jejuni colonization was further characterized by the use of high-resolution melt analysis of the C. jejuniflaA gene （HRM-flaA）. The effect of the feed additive was strain-dependent. In room two, the feed additive had no effect on the caecal counts. In room one, at 35 d of age, caecal C. jejuni counts were higher with OA/EO, as opposed to carcasses counts which were lower in the treated group. The HRM-flaA analysis showed that an amplification profile was predominant in birds fed with OA/EO at 35 d of age in room one, suggesting the selection of a C. jejuni strain. In conclusion, the OA/EO seemed to be effective to reduce C. jejuni levels but this effect appeared strain dependent.

Effects of Additives and Coagulant Temperature on Fabrication of High Performance PVDF/Pluronic F127 Blend Hollow Fiber Membranes via Nonsolvent Induced Phase Separation

Poly（vinylidene fluoride） （PVDF） has become one of the most popular materials for membrane preparation via nonsolvent induced phase separation （NIPS） process. In this study, an amphiphilic block copolymer, Pluronic F127, has been used as both a pore-former and a surface-modifier in the fabrication of PVDF hollow fibermembranes to enhance the membrane permeability and hydrophilicity. The effects of 2nd additive and coagulant temperature on the formation of PVDF/Pluronic F 127 membranes have also been investigated. The as-spun hollow fibers were characterized in terms of cross-sectional morphology, pure water permeation （PWP）, relative molecular mass cut-off （MWCO）, membrane chemistry, and hydrolphilicity. It was obsered that the addition of Pluronic F 127 significantly increased the PWP of as-spun fibers, while the membrane contact angle was reduced. However, the size of macrovoids in the membranes was undesirably large. The addition of a 2nd additive, including lithium chloride （LiC1） and water, or an increase in coagulant temperature was found to effectively suppress the macrovoid for- mation in the Pluronic-containing membranes. In addition, the use of LiC1 as a 2nd additive also further enhanced the PWP and hydrophilicity of the membranes, while the surface pore size became smaller. PVDF hollow fiber with a PWP as high as 2330 L·m-2·h-1·MPa-1, a MWCO of 53000 and＇a contact angle of 71 o was successfully fabricated with 3% （by mass） of Pluronic F127 and 3% （by mass） of LiC1 at a coagulant temperature of 25 ℃, which shows better performance as compared with most of PVDF hollow fiber membranes made by NIPS method.

Study on Tribology Performance of Different Lubricant Additives under Atmospheric Pressure and High Vacuum Conditions

By using PAO-10 as the base oil, the tribological behavior of 11 additives under high vacuum condition was evaluated. By adopting some surface analytical instruments, such as scanning electron microscopy(SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS), the tribological mechanisms of these additives were studied. In air, O_2 can react with metal to form metal oxide that can protect the surfaces of rubbing pair during the tribological tests. According to the theory of the competitive adsorption, the function of some active elements is weakened. In a vacuum environment, the additives contributed more to the lubrication performance. The sulfur-containing additives could react with Fe to produce Fe Sx and "M—C" bonds("M" represents metal). They both had contributions to the lubrication. As for the phosphorus-containing additives, they only generated the phosphates during the tests. When the sulfur and phosphorus-containing additives were applied, the generated phosphates and Fe Sx had the primary contribution to the lubrication performance during the tests.

又见九九艳阳天

40多年前,一曲《九九艳阳天》唱遍了大江南北,《柳堡的故事》——男女主人公那朦胧而纯真的爱情演绎,给亿万电影观众留下了难以泯灭的美好记忆。 于是,女主人公二妹子成了柳堡人的骄傲,成了柳堡人的形象代言人。柳堡二妹子民兵班就在这样的时代背景下诞生了。40年来,一批又一批英姿飒爽的女民兵在这里成长而后走向全新的天地,班长换了十一任,而名誉班长却从来只有一个人,她就是著名演员陶玉玲。

Experimental study on the characteristics of ventilated cavitation around an underwater navigating body influenced by turbulent drag-reducing additives

In this study, a new control strategy for turbulent drag reduction involving ventilated cavitation is proposed. The configurational and hydrodynamic characteristics of ventilated cavities influenced by turbulent drag-reducing additives were experimentally studied in water tunnel. The test model was fixed in the water tunnel by a strut in the aft-part. Aqueous solutions of CTAC/Na Sal(cetyltrimethyl ammonium chloride/sodium salicylate) with weight concentrations of 100, 200, 400 and 600 ppm(part per million), respectively, were injected into the ventilated air cavity from the edge of the cavitator with accurate control by an injection pump. The cavity configurations were recorded by a high-speed CCD camera. The hydrodynamic characteristics of the test model were measured by a six-component balance. Experimental results show that, within the presently tested cases, the lengths of cavity influenced by drag-reducing solution are smaller than normal condition(ventilated cavity) in water, but the asymmetry of the cavity is improved. The drag resisted by the test model is reduced dramatically(the maximum drag reduction can reach to 80%) and the re-entrant jet is more complex after the CTAC solution is injected into the cavity. Turbulent drag-reducing additives have the potential in enhancement of supercavitating asymmetry and further drag reduction.

Anionic surfactant anchoring enables 23.4%efficient and stable perovskite solar cells

Nonradiative recombination losses at defects in metal halide perovskite films are responsible for hindering the improvement of the photovoltaic performance and stability of perovskite solar cells(PSCs).Here,we report a feasible multifunctional additive strategy that uses cesium stearate to passivate defects in perovskite films and simultaneously enhances the tolerance to light and moisture stress.Nonradiative recombination losses are effectively suppressed in target films that exhibit improved crystallinity,low trap-state density,and enhanced carrier separation and transportation.The present strategy hence boosts the power conversion efficiency of the pi-n structured PSC to 23.41%.Our device also shows good stability in ambient air without encapsulation,maintaining 91.6%of the initial efficiency after 720 h.