AIM:To characterize the dual effects of deslanoside on the contractility of jejunal smooth muscle.METHODS:Eight pairs of different low and high contractile states of isolated jejunal smooth muscle fragment(JSMF) were ...AIM:To characterize the dual effects of deslanoside on the contractility of jejunal smooth muscle.METHODS:Eight pairs of different low and high contractile states of isolated jejunal smooth muscle fragment(JSMF) were established.Contractile amplitude of JSMF in different low and high contractile states was selected to determine the effects of deslanoside,and Western blotting analysis was performed to measure the effects of deslanoside on myosin phosphorylation of jejunal smooth muscle.RESULTS:Stimulatory effects on the contractility of JSMF were induced(45.3% ± 4.0% vs 87.0% ± 7.8%,P < 0.01) by deslanoside in 8 low contractile states,and inhibitory effects were induced(180.6% ± 17.8% vs 109.9% ± 10.8%,P < 0.01) on the contractility of JSMF in 8 high contractile states.The effect of deslanoside on the phosphorylation of myosin light chain of JSMF in low(78.1% ± 4.1% vs 96.0% ± 8.1%,P < 0.01) and high contractile state(139.2% ± 8.5% vs 105.5 ± 7.34,P < 0.01) was also bidirectional.Bidirec-tional regulation(BR) was abolished in the presence of tetrodotoxin.Deslanoside did not affect jejunal contractility pretreated with the Ca 2+ channel blocker verapamil or in a Ca 2+-free assay condition.The stimulatory effect of deslanoside on JSMF in a low contractile state(low Ca 2+ induced) was abolished by atropine.The inhibitory effect of deslanoside on jejunal contractility in a high contractile state(high Ca 2+ induced) was blocked by phentolamine,propranolol and L-NG-nitroarginine,respectively.CONCLUSION:Deslanoside-induced BR is Ca 2+ dependent and is related to cholinergic and adrenergic systems when JSMF is in low or high contractile states.展开更多
Shannon channel capacity theorem poses highest bit-rate of error free transmission over additive white Gaussian noise channel.In addition,he proved that there exists channel code that can theoretically achieve the cha...Shannon channel capacity theorem poses highest bit-rate of error free transmission over additive white Gaussian noise channel.In addition,he proved that there exists channel code that can theoretically achieve the channel capacity.Indeed fortunately,the latter researchers found some practical channel codes approaching the channel capacity with insignificant losses of spectral efficiency under ignorable bit error rate(BER).The authors note,in general,that bits of the channel codes are not independent of each other in code space.Further,we note that the modulated symbols are not independent among them,as well,in Euclidean Space.By exploiting a usage of the dependencies jointly to signal design,we can transmit two independent signal streams through an additive white Gaussian channel and separate them in Euclidean space at the receiver.The capacity of this approach is found larger than that of Shannon capacity in the same channel assumptions.The numerical results confirm the theoretical procedures.展开更多
Digestive and detoxification enzyme activity and nutrient composition were examined in the body of fourth instar beet armyworms,Spodoptera exigua(Hübner),fed on transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt) and non-Bt co...Digestive and detoxification enzyme activity and nutrient composition were examined in the body of fourth instar beet armyworms,Spodoptera exigua(Hübner),fed on transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt) and non-Bt cotton for different time periods.Nutrient composition and specific enzyme activities differed significantly between the S.exigua fed Bt vs.non-Bt cotton.At 1,6 and 24 h,free fatty acid and glucose levels were significantly lower in S.exigua fed on Bt cotton than those fed on non-Bt cotton.S.exigua fed on Bt cotton had significantly higher trypsin and total superoxide dismutase(T-SOD) activities and significantly lower lipase,carboxylesterase and acetylcholinesterase activities than non-Bt fed worms for all feeding time periods.Differences were also observed among feeding times within each cotton variety group.Significantly lower free fatty acid and total amino acid were observed in S.exigua fed on Bt cotton for 24 h than in those fed for 1 h.Significantly lower activities of lipase and trypsin were detected in S.exigua fed on Bt cotton for 24 h than those for 1 and 4 h.However,carboxylesterase and acetylcholinesterase activities in S.exigua fed on Bt cotton for 24 h were significantly higher than those for 1,4 and 6 h.The interaction between cotton variety and feeding time significantly affected the activities of lipase,trypsin,acetylcholinesterase and T-SOD enzymes in S.exigua.Measuring the temporal allocation of protection and detoxification enzyme activities in the body of S.exigua in response to B.thuringiensis can provide a meaningful evaluation on the metabolic tolerance of herbivorous insects under the continuous selection pressure of a toxic protein.展开更多
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China,No. 30772601
文摘AIM:To characterize the dual effects of deslanoside on the contractility of jejunal smooth muscle.METHODS:Eight pairs of different low and high contractile states of isolated jejunal smooth muscle fragment(JSMF) were established.Contractile amplitude of JSMF in different low and high contractile states was selected to determine the effects of deslanoside,and Western blotting analysis was performed to measure the effects of deslanoside on myosin phosphorylation of jejunal smooth muscle.RESULTS:Stimulatory effects on the contractility of JSMF were induced(45.3% ± 4.0% vs 87.0% ± 7.8%,P < 0.01) by deslanoside in 8 low contractile states,and inhibitory effects were induced(180.6% ± 17.8% vs 109.9% ± 10.8%,P < 0.01) on the contractility of JSMF in 8 high contractile states.The effect of deslanoside on the phosphorylation of myosin light chain of JSMF in low(78.1% ± 4.1% vs 96.0% ± 8.1%,P < 0.01) and high contractile state(139.2% ± 8.5% vs 105.5 ± 7.34,P < 0.01) was also bidirectional.Bidirec-tional regulation(BR) was abolished in the presence of tetrodotoxin.Deslanoside did not affect jejunal contractility pretreated with the Ca 2+ channel blocker verapamil or in a Ca 2+-free assay condition.The stimulatory effect of deslanoside on JSMF in a low contractile state(low Ca 2+ induced) was abolished by atropine.The inhibitory effect of deslanoside on jejunal contractility in a high contractile state(high Ca 2+ induced) was blocked by phentolamine,propranolol and L-NG-nitroarginine,respectively.CONCLUSION:Deslanoside-induced BR is Ca 2+ dependent and is related to cholinergic and adrenergic systems when JSMF is in low or high contractile states.
基金supported by two Programs of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61271203 and No.61531004)
文摘Shannon channel capacity theorem poses highest bit-rate of error free transmission over additive white Gaussian noise channel.In addition,he proved that there exists channel code that can theoretically achieve the channel capacity.Indeed fortunately,the latter researchers found some practical channel codes approaching the channel capacity with insignificant losses of spectral efficiency under ignorable bit error rate(BER).The authors note,in general,that bits of the channel codes are not independent of each other in code space.Further,we note that the modulated symbols are not independent among them,as well,in Euclidean Space.By exploiting a usage of the dependencies jointly to signal design,we can transmit two independent signal streams through an additive white Gaussian channel and separate them in Euclidean space at the receiver.The capacity of this approach is found larger than that of Shannon capacity in the same channel assumptions.The numerical results confirm the theoretical procedures.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2006CB102004)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30800724)New Detecting Technology of Exogenous Gene Protein (Grant Nos. 2008ZX08012-004 and 2009ZX08011-013B)
文摘Digestive and detoxification enzyme activity and nutrient composition were examined in the body of fourth instar beet armyworms,Spodoptera exigua(Hübner),fed on transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt) and non-Bt cotton for different time periods.Nutrient composition and specific enzyme activities differed significantly between the S.exigua fed Bt vs.non-Bt cotton.At 1,6 and 24 h,free fatty acid and glucose levels were significantly lower in S.exigua fed on Bt cotton than those fed on non-Bt cotton.S.exigua fed on Bt cotton had significantly higher trypsin and total superoxide dismutase(T-SOD) activities and significantly lower lipase,carboxylesterase and acetylcholinesterase activities than non-Bt fed worms for all feeding time periods.Differences were also observed among feeding times within each cotton variety group.Significantly lower free fatty acid and total amino acid were observed in S.exigua fed on Bt cotton for 24 h than in those fed for 1 h.Significantly lower activities of lipase and trypsin were detected in S.exigua fed on Bt cotton for 24 h than those for 1 and 4 h.However,carboxylesterase and acetylcholinesterase activities in S.exigua fed on Bt cotton for 24 h were significantly higher than those for 1,4 and 6 h.The interaction between cotton variety and feeding time significantly affected the activities of lipase,trypsin,acetylcholinesterase and T-SOD enzymes in S.exigua.Measuring the temporal allocation of protection and detoxification enzyme activities in the body of S.exigua in response to B.thuringiensis can provide a meaningful evaluation on the metabolic tolerance of herbivorous insects under the continuous selection pressure of a toxic protein.
