批判性文学地理学

本文从文学和地理的跨学科视角出发,梳理了空间批评的历史谱系和批判性文学地理学的理论视域。作者首先追溯地理批评的两大路径对文学批评的影响:一是20世纪早期以来文化地理学提出的空间理论,二是主导后殖民研究、世界文学研究和全球化研究的跨国批评传统。继而主张新兴的批判性文学地理学叠合了上述两种理论视野,从而超越了关于文学再现空间的传统研究,能够更深入地反思文本、空间和权力之间的关系。此外,本文还勾勒了批判性文学地理学的四大关键问题,并呼吁推进一种"在地"思考,以丰富当代文学和文化研究的历史主义与唯物主义立场。

Implications for Cultural Landscape in a Chinese Context: Geo-analysis of Spatial Distribution of Historic Sites

The protection of historic sites, especially their relationship with urban development, has become a worldwide issue, both in developed and developing countries. In the context of rapid urbanization in China, the realistic compatibility between urban construction and the protection of historic sites is always a key research topic. In this study, first, to comprehend their spatial distribution patterns, 828 historic sites throughout the country are selected based on certain criteria. Then, we conduct quantitative research using GIS software, adopting indicators that include Nearest Neighbor Index, Gini Coefficient, and Geographic Concentration Index to analyze the spatial characteristics of historic sites on the three levels of city, province and nation. The results indicate that the spatial distribution of the different types of historic sites is an agglomeration on the nationwide scale, most of which is located in the regions of the Pearl(Zhujiang) River Delta, Yangtze(Changjiang) River Delta and Beijing-Tianjin Region. Because the majority of historic sites are located within approximately 10 km of the downtown area, a certain pattern has emerged, showing that the larger cities own more historic areas, which are in a more incomplete state of preservation, indicating the fragmentation of heritage spaces. The formation mechanism of the historic sites' distribution pattern is based on the conditions of the cities/towns as well as the bid-rent theory.

Spatio-Temporal Impact of Rural Livelihood Capital on Labor Migra- tion in Panxi, Southwestern Mountainous Region of China

Labor migration to urban centers is a common phenomenon in the Panxi region of the southwestern mountainous region of China, mainly owing to inadequate livelihood capital in rural areas. Numerous studies have been conducted to explore the relationship between labor migration and its causes, such as individual and family characteristics, but few studies have focused on livelihood capital. This paper examines the impact factors on labor migration employment location selection and duration from a household livelihood capital perspective. A case study of 279 households from 10 villages in the area was carried out in February 2016. We used both qualitative and quantitative methods to analyze the data. On the basis of the 279 questionnaires, the proportion of households with non-labor migration is 48.4%, whereas households with labor migration within a local city and migration across regions account for 28.7% and 22.9%, respectively. Social, financial, and human capitals are the primary factors that influence migrants' employment location choice positively. Among them, social capital has a significant impact on both migration within a local city and across regions; each of the regression coefficients is 1.111 and 1.183. Social, human, and financial capitals also have a positive impact on the duration of labor migration, and similarly, social capital is the highest coefficient with 2.489. However, physical capital only partly impacts labor migration across regions, whereas the impact of labor migration within a local city, and the duration, are not significant. Furthermore, the impact of household natural capital on migration space and time are all negative relationships, especially for labor migration across the regions and duration, with coefficient scores of 4.836 and 3.450, respectively. That is to say, a laborer is inclined to migrate within a local city for a short term, or not migrate at all, if natural capital is abundant. Our analysis results show that household livelihood capital has a strong spatio-temporal impact on labor migration.

The Spatial Characteristics of a Line and Their Application to Line Simplification

This paper discusses the spatial knowledge related to a line ,and the characteristic points of lines is detected.According to the requirements of line generalization,new algorithms for identifying characteristic line points are presented.These characteristic points are used to improve the algorithms of line generalization.An algorithm for identifying bends is shown.In this paper,improved algorithms based on those by Douglas_Peucker,Visvalingam and Whyatt are shown.In this test,the progressive process of line generalization is emphasized.

The Influence of Transportation Revolution on Local Tourism Development--An Example of Puli Area of Taiwan

The purpose of this research is to explore the influence of transportation revolution on local tourism development. The study area--Pull area--is a place to stop along the way to the two most popular international destinations--Sun Moon Lake and Qing-Jing Farm of Central Taiwan. Pull area once was the tourism community providing dining and accommodation facilities for the travelers heading to the two international destinations, but since the availability of National Highway 6 more efficiently connects to National Highway 1 to the public, travelers get to the two international destinations becoming easier. Pull area definitely transformed its nodal function of tourism, and further reconstructed the new spatial relationships among the travel nodes of destinations after the transportation revolution. In this research, the author termed this phenomenon of travel nodes of secondary nodes or primary nodes emerging on rapidly in tourism development after transportation revolution to ＂vine effect＂.

Pointwise Convergence of a Nonparametric Estimator of Regression in a Measurable Space Used in Contingent Valuation Method

The Contingent Valuation Method is used to evaluate individual preferences for a change concerning a public non-market resource or property. The objective is to build a nonparametric forecasting model of an individual＇s Willingness To Pay according to geographical location. Within this framework, an estimator （of type Nadaraya-Watson） is proposed for the regression of the variable related to geolocation. The specific characteristics of the location variable lead us to a more general regression model than the traditional models. Results are established for convergence of our estimator.

Spatial and temporal distribution of Neolithic sites in coastal China:Sea level changes, geomorphic evolution and human adaption

The East China coastal plain is one of the most important Neolithic culture areas in China, where rich archaeological sites including those producing the earliest domesticated rice are observed. It is also a place where landscape has experienced dramatic evolution during the Holocene when both sea level and climate changed, such that it is an ideal place for studying human-environment interaction. This study investigated over 2000 sites of pre-history and Shang and Zhou Dynasties, with 655 of which being Neolithic ages, by using DEM and GIS methods. The results suggest that the spatial and temporal distribution of Neolithic sites has largely been controlled by landscape evolution(particularly changes in coastal line), which ultimately governed by sea level changes. During early Holocene, Neolithic sites sparsely distributed in the intermountain basins of east Zhejiang Province, far from the influence of ocean. Over the period of 9–7 ka, the coastal plain(including the shelf) was largely submerged,only the feet of low hills to the south and southwest of the study area, and islands protruding the estuary, cradled limited number of settlements with characteristic "maritime components". At about 7 ka, sea level rise decelerated prominently, while sediments supply in the drainage remained high value, the combination of which led to land formation and propagation. Vast space during this period facilitated the growth of settlements in both size and number. In the mean time, however, the coastal plain was vulnerable to extreme environmental events such as storms and flooding owning to its geomorphic nature, which exerted great influence on the rise and fall of Neolithic culture.

Are Chinese resource-exhausted cities in remote locations?

Numerous domestic scholars have argued that a remote location is the major factor preventing the transformation and sustainable development of resource-exhausted cities. Research to date, however, has not presented relevant evidence to support this hypothesis or explained how to identify the concept of ‘remoteness'. Resource-exhausted cities designated by the State Council of China were examined in this study alongside the provincial capital cities that contain such entities and three regional central cities that are closely connected to this phenomenon: Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou. Spatial and temporal distances are used to calculate and evaluate the location remoteness degrees(LRDs) of resource-exhausted cities, in terms of both resource types and regions. The results indicate that resource-exhausted cities are indeed remote from the overall samples. Based on spatial distances, the LRDs are α_1 = 1.36(i.e., distance to provincial capital city) and β_1 = 1.14(i.e., distance to regional central city), but when based on temporal distances, α_2 = 2.02(i.e., distance to provincial capital city) and β_2 = 1.44(i.e., distance to regional central city). Clear differences are found in the LRDs between different regions and resource types, with those in western China and forest industrial cities the most obviously remote. Finally, the numbers of very remote resource-exhausted cities based on spatial and temporal distances(i.e.,α > 1.5 ∩β> 1.5) are 14 and 19, respectively, encompassing 17.9% and 24.4% of the total sampled. Similarly, 25 and 30 not remote resource-exhausted cities based on spatial and temporal distances(i.e.,α≤1.0 ∩β≤ 1.0) encompass 32.1% and 38.5% of the total, respectively. This study provided supporting information for the future development and policy making for resource-exhausted cities given different LRDs.

Geographic distribution of archaeological sites and their response to climate and environmental change between 10.0–2.8 ka BP in the Poyang Lake Basin, China

The temporal-spatial geographic distribution of archaeological sites and its feature between 10.0-2.8 ka BP （ka BP= thousands of years before 0 BP, where ＂0 BP＂ is defined as the year AD 1950） were determined, based on GIS spatial analysis in the Poyang Lake Basin. The relationship between geographic distribution of sites of different periods under subsis- tence existence of ancient civilizations, climate and environmental change was investigated. The results revealed numerous archaeological sites of the Neolithic Age （10.0-3.6 ka BP）. The sites were mainly located in the northern part of the Poyang Lake Basin, a hilly and mountainous area with many river terraces suitable for the development of human civilization. The number of archaeological sites rapidly increased during the Shang and Zhou dynasties （3.6-2.8 ka BP） and spread widely on the floodplains of the middle and lower reaches of Ganjiang River and onto the west, south, and southeast beach areas of the Poyang Lake. Holocene records of climate change suggested that it was possible that climate fluctuations had a great impact on human evolution in the study area. Before 3.6 ka BP, westward and northward expansion of Neolithic cultures in the Poyang Lake watershed occurred under the background of climate amelioration （becoming warmer and wetter）. The ancient people lived in the hilly areas with high elevation. The simple mode of a fishing and gathering economy was mostly suited to this area in the early Neolithic Age. The scope of human activities was expanded and cultural diversity developed in the late Neolithic Age. However, with population growth and increasing survival pressure in a dry-cold climatic stage after 3.6 ka BP, this sim-pie living mode had to be abandoned, and various forms of economy, the majority being ag- riculture, were developed on flood plains of the lower reaches of numerous rivers around Poyang Lake. This promoted flourishing of the Bronze culture of South China.

Fixed points of n-valued maps on surfaces and the Wecken property a configuration space approach

Abstract In this paper, we explore the fixed point theory of n-vaiued maps using configuration spaces and braid groups, focusing on two fundamental problems, the Wecken property, and the computation of the Nielsen number. We show that the projective plane （resp. the 2-sphere S2） has the Wecken property for n-valued maps for all n ∈N （resp. all n ≥ 3）. In the case n = 2 and S2, we prove a partial result about the Wecken property. We then describe the Nielsen number of a non-split n-valued map φ ： X → X of an orientable, compact manifold without boundary in terms of the Nielsen coincidence numbers of a certain finite covering q： ）→ X with a subset of the coordinate maps of a lift of the n-valued split map → q ： →X.