京杭大运河江苏段文化遗产分布探究及启示

大运河文化是中华优秀传统文化的重要组成部分,要在保护、传承、利用上下功夫,让古老大运河焕发时代新风貌。基于京杭大运河江苏段的276处省级文物保护单位,运用空间地理分析方法,采用点状核密度分析、重心迁移模型、ArcGIS和地理探测器等对文物保护单位的历史分布演变、空间分布模式和类型特征进行详细了分析。研究结果表明:在时间态势上,文物保护单位数量曲线呈现出“低高低”的波状起伏;在空间态势上,文物保护单位呈现“聚集疏散聚集”的带状分布,并呈现聚集性;在归因解释方面,自然维度下的水系指标,社会维度下的文化、经济指标对文物保护单位的分布差异具有高解释力。应从文化遗产活态传承与区域可持续发展、生态文明建设与文化遗产融合实践等方面进一步强化京杭大运河江苏段的文化遗产保护与传承。

Scale-Dependent Representations of Relief Based on Wavelet Analysis

Automatic generalization of geographic information is the core of multi_scale representation of spatial data,but the scale_dependent generalization methods are far from abundant because of its extreme complicacy.This paper puts forward a new consistency model about scale_dependent representations of relief based on wavelet analysis,and discusses the thresholds in the model so as to acquire the continual representations of relief with different details between scales.The model not only meets the need of automatic generalization but also is scale-dependent completely.Some practical examples are given.

Spatial Distribution of Archaeological Sites in Lakeshore of Chaohu Lake in China Based on GIS

There are about 19 Neolithic Age sites and 120 Shang-Zhou dynasties sites in the western lakeshore of Chaohu Lake,Anhui Province,China.Based on sites data,topographic data,drainage maps,administrative maps and SPOT5 remote sensing data,spatial analysis methods were introduced into the archaeology of Chaohu Lake Basin with Geographic Information System(GIS).The spatial analysis methods include:1) Point Density Analysis with density model to acquire the shift of the sites;2) Distance Analysis to reveal the spatial structure of the sites;3) 3D Analysis based on Digital Elevation Model to get micro-geomorphologic features of the sites;and 4) Buffer Analysis to discover the relationship between the sites and rivers.The results indicate that the archaeological sites spread from the western lakeshore of Chaohu Lake gradually to the northwest,later to the south,and then symmetrically spread.Controlled by productive forces and other factors,ancient people preferred to reside in those places near water,or in plain and fertile land,which resulted in linear and decentralized distribution of the sites,and presented such disciplines as river valley directivity,terrace directivity and soil directivity.This paper indicates that the distribution of archaeological sites was influenced earlier by natural elements and later by human elements in the study period.The research is important for the integration of GIS and archaeology.

Vulnerability of mountain glaciers in China to climate change

Mountain glaciers in China are an important water source for both China and adjoining countries, and therefore their adaptation to glacier change is crucial in relation to maintaining populations. This study aims to improve our understanding of glacial vulnerability to climate change to establish adaptation strategies. A glacial numerical model is developed using spatial principle component analysis （SPCA） supported by remote sensing （RS） and geographical information system （GIS） technologies. The model contains nine factors--slope, aspect, hillshade, elevation a.s.l., air temperature, precipitation, glacial area change percentage, glacial type and glacial area, describing topography, climate, and glacier characteristics. The vulnerability of glaciers to climate change is evaluated during the period of 1961-2007 on a regional scale, and in the 2030s and 2050s based on projections of air temperature and precipitation changes under the IPCC RCP6.0 scenario and of glacier change in the 21st century. Glacial vulnerability is graded into five levels： potential, light, medial, heavy, and very heavy, using natural breaks classification （NBC）. The spatial distribution of glacial vulnerability and its temporal changes in the 21st century for the RCP6.0 scenario are analyzed, and the factors influencing vulnerability are discussed. Results show that mountain glaciers in China are very vulnerable to climate change, and 41.2% of glacial areas fall into the levels of heavy and very heavy vulnerability in the period 1961-2007. This is mainly explained by topographical exposure and the high sensitivity of glaciers to climate change. Trends of glacial vulnerability are projected to decline in the 2030s and 2050s, but a declining trend is still high in some regions. In addition to topographical factors, variation in precipitation in the 2030s and 2050s is found to be crucial.

Temporal and spatial characteristics of harmful algal blooms in Qingdao Waters,China

Qingdao waters,including both the semi-enclosed Jiaozhou Bay(JB) and the adjacent water out of JB(OJB),have been the areas that are most frequently affected by harmful algal blooms(HABs) in the western Yellow Sea(west of 124°E).In this research,HAB occurrences in Qingdao waters from 1990 to 2009 were investigated using spatial tools in geographic information system(GIS) and are discussed in terms of their connection to temporal variation.Additionally,the effects of each HAB occurrence were further evaluated using a simple model.The calculated results were then visualized using a GIS software to indicate the effects of HABs in Qingdao waters during the entire period.As a result,the OJB was proven to be responsible for the frequent HAB occurrences in Qingdao waters after 2000,although JB was traditionally believed to be the principle source of HAB occurrences in Qingdao waters.In addition,increasing nitrogen and N/P structure imbalance were essential for increasing HAB occurrences in Qingdao waters throughout the entire period,especially for the recent HAB occurrences in the OJB.The results of this research would improve the current understanding on HAB occurrences in Qingdao waters,which would benefit HAB monitoring and the implementation of a control strategy in China as well.

SOIL SPATIAL ANALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL LAND USE OPTIMIZATION BY USING GIS

This paper discusses the methods and process of Geographic Information System (GIS) applied in soil spatial analysis, involving the collection of soil spatial data that GIS required, spatial analysis method of soil nutrient, land use, slope and exposure of geography, crop yield and other factors, and also including acquiring soil spatial information and creating thematic map, and so on. Taking Hengjing Town in Wuxian County of Jiangsu Province as a case study and the maximum income as a principle, and applying the GIS methods and their interrelated models, we have calculated the most optimized agricultural land and the possible maximum income of Hengjing Town. According to the method, we can rationally regulate local agricultural production, and put forward some scenarios for optimizing agricultural structure of Hengjing Town. The paper puts forward an evaluation method of land adaptability based on soil spatial analysis, and offers some research clews to optimize agricultural land use constitution, so the paper will be have important reference value for soil study.

Temporal Data Mining Using Genetic Algorithm and Neural Network——A Case Study of Air Pollutant Forecasts

This paper integrates genetic algorithm and neura l network techniques to build new temporal predicting analysis tools for geographic information system (GIS). These new GIS tools can be readily applied in a practical and appropriate manner in spatial and temp oral research to patch the gaps in GIS data mining and knowledge discovery functions. The specific achievement here is the integration of related artificial intellig ent technologies into GIS software to establish a conceptual spatial and temporal analysis framework. And, by using this framework to develop an artificial intelligent spatial and tempor al information analyst (ASIA) system which then is fully utilized in the existin g GIS package. This study of air pollutants forecasting provides a geographical practical case to prove the rationalization and justness of the conceptual tempo ral analysis framework.

Spatial Analysis of Flood Vulnerability Levels in Port Harcourt Metropolis Using GIS

The study identified spatial variations in flood vulnerability levels in Port Harcourt metropolis with the use of GIS （geographic information systems）. This study considered four factors and these included landuse types, drainage, residential densities and elevation. The elevation data and drainage data were derived from the topographical map of scale 1：35,000, while the land use types were derived from the imagery of Port Harcourt metropolis downloaded from Google Earth, 2010 version. Both the topographical map and imagery were geo-referenced to geographic coordinates and geographic features were digitized in form of shapefiles using both ArcView GIS 3.3 and ArcGIS 9.2 versions. AHP （analytical hierarchical process） was adopted in this study whereby many flood factors were ranked and overlaid for decision making. The contour data was used to generate the DEM （digital elevation model） through the process called kriging in ArcGIS 9.2. Based on the ranking index, factors considered were reclassified to three levels of vulnerability namely highly vulnerable, moderately vulnerable and lowly vulnerable through ranking method and these reclassified factors were then overlaid using an addition operator. The analysis shows that communities like Eagle Island, Ojimbo, Kidney Island were highly vulnerable to flood while communities like Choba, Ogbogoro, Rumualogu were moderately vulnerable. Communities like Rumuigbo, Rumuodomaya etc. were lowly vulnerable to flood. The highly vulnerable places covered 98.18 km2, moderately vulnerable was 220.46 km2 and lowly vulnerable areas covered 330.77 km2.

Population Distribution and Influencing Factors Based on ESDA

Based on the exploratory spatial data analysis （ESDA） technique and geographic information system （GIS） platform, with statistic data of counties in 2005, this paper confirms that there is a large population density gap between counties in 2005 because the Gini coefficient is 0.55. Population distribution does not change a lot during the past decades, and the southeast China is still much more densely populated than the northwest China. The global spa- tial autoeorrelation of population distribution is obvious because Moran＇s I scores 0.42 and local spatial autocorrelation is partly significant. Climate and elevation are still the main natural influ- encing factors. Meanwhile industrial structure and transportation significantly influence population distribution. Different combinations of natural factors have different effects on population distribution. For a long term, climate and terrain factor stability affect population distribution. But its influence will be weakened by progress of technology. Economic development is the main factor that changes population distribution for a short term.

THE STRATEGIES OF INTEGRATING SPATI AL DATA ANALYSIS AND GIS

The gap between SDA(Spatial Data Analysis)and GIS(Geographical Information Systems )existed for a long time.Presently this problem still remains in spite of a lot of theore tical and practical studies which tr y to find the solu-tion for it.The research background and current situation about how to in tegrate SDA and GIS are introduced at first.The main idea of this article is to make su re what is the best scheme to bridge th e gap between SDA and GIS and how to design it.There are a lot of factors to influ ence the standards to assess such a sc heme,for instance,the attitude of users and GIS developers,the framework and related functions of current available GI S software in the market and so on.But the two most important ones of them are effic iency and flexibility of the scheme i tself.Efficiency can be measured by the conve-nient extent and temporal length when it is used for carrying out SDA.Flex ibility means users can define their own SDA methods.The best integration schem e should satisfy the two standards at the same time.A group of functions,which can be combined to implement any SDA meth od,are defined in order to design such an integration scheme.The functio ns are divided into five classes according to their properties.

Geopoetical Analysis of Livonia During The Great Northern War Based on The Last Novik A Historical Novel by Ivan Lazhechnikov

The term geopoetics has a wide interpretation. It is defined as a project of the cultural activity aimed at creating and changing territorial myths and research path, which considers the interaction between literary creativity and geographical space. Defining this term, it is possible to introduce a geopoetical analysis diagram based on three interconnected positions： the writer＇s personality, the universe of an artwork and its characters. The Last Novik--A historical novel by Lazhechnikov analysis example presented on a diagram reveals the relationship between time and space in the literary work, as well as the author＇s interaction with the described events.

Pattern and mechanism of urban spatial growth in Nanjing City, 1979-2007

Urban spatial growth has become a hot topic of geographic science and urban research. Exploring the patterns and mechanisms of urban growth is the prerequisite to understand the urbanization process of China. The paper provides a spatial analysis method of using Remote Sensing （RS） and Geographic Information System （GIS）. and presents major patterns and mechanisms of urban spatial growth during the period from 1979 to 2007 in Nanjing City. Firstly, the paper introohwes the data, study area and methodology of the research. Then. the patterns of urban spatial growth are identified Subsequently, the main mechanisms of urban spatial growth are analyzed Finally some conclusions are drawn definitely. The features of urban spatial growth in Nanjing are as follows： during 1979-1988, urban spatial growth of each district was stow. and the inner growth was in excess of suburban growth; during the period of 1988-2000. urban growth of suburban was in excess of inner city. the most insensitive growth appeared in the southeast, and the growth of each aspect was relatively insensitive expect ecst and west; during the period of 2000-2007, urban growth of suburban was violent, the most insensitive growth appeared in the southeast. and the urban growth of each direction was insensitive except the west. The mechanisms of urban spatial growth are complex, the main ones of which are social and economic development. Besides. the guiding of urban planning and influence of urban spatial structure are quite obvious.

Pressure gradient errors in a covariant method of implementing theσ-coordinate:idealized experiments and geometric analysis

A new approach is proposed to use the covariant scalar equations of the a-coordinate （the covariant method）, in which the pressure gradient force （PGF） has only one term in each horizontal momentum equation, and the PGF errors are much reduced in the computational space. In addition, the validity of reducing the PGF errors by this covariant method in the computational and physical space over steep terrain is investigated. First, the authors implement a set of idealized experiments of increasing terrain slope to compare the PGF errors of the covariant method and those of the classic method in the computational space. The results demonstrate that the PGF errors of the covariant method are consistently much-reduced, compared to those of the classic method. More importantly, the steeper the terrain, the greater the reduction in the ratio of the PGF errors via the covariant method. Next, the authors use geometric analysis to further investigate the PGF errors in the physical space, and the results illustrates that the PGF of the covariant method equals that of the classic method in the physical space; namely, the covariant method based on the non-orthogonal a-coordinate cannot reduce the PGF errors in the physical space. However, an orthogonal method can reduce the PGF errors in the physical space. Finally, a set of idealized experiments are carried out to validate the results obtained by the geometric analysis. These results indicate that the covariant method may improve the simulation of variables relevant to pressure, in addition to pressure itself, near steep terrain.

Remote sensing needs and capabilities in West Africa

The greatest advantage of remote sensing over conventional measurements lies in the opportunity to carry out detailed spatio-temporal analysis of land and ocean features on a very frequent basis. This paper analyses the contribution of satellite imagery to atmospheric, geophysical and ocean studies and management in West Africa since the early 1980s. The detailed application of data from optical sensors (e.g. Meteosat,NOAA/AVHRR, SPOT, Landsat TM, etc.) for weather prediction, hydrogeologicah landuse/cover and cartographic studies has been acknowledged. However, the use of microwave (e.g. SAR) and optical data for ocean monitoring and studies in the sub-region is still very limited. Even though sufficient remote sensing expertise and infrastructure is perceived in the region, no clearly defined networking or database exists.

Seismic Response of a Structure under Various Subsoi Models

Three types of the soil-structure interaction are used for structure analysis loaded by seismic effects. An example of the real RC building is used to demonstrate differences in the dynamic response results in the calculation of internal forces and displacements. Variant three options of the soil models were used as a building supporting structure. In the case of soil model A, the soil was modelled by using of equivalent stiffness values, stemming from the theory of a rigid circular disc on an elastic homogeneous half-space. Non-uniformly modelled vertical stiffness of the soil according to the Boussinesq model was used for model B. Both models A and B are characterised by the ＂averaged＂ soil model on the bases of spring constants. Model C was used for the soil better corresponding to its actual composition by the Winkler-Pasternak theory. Model C, where the actual layered soil is considered, is modelled more accurately than for the ＂averaged＂ soil of models A and B. The dynamic response of models operating with ＂averaged＂ values of rigid and soft soil layers is markedly shifted to the conservative smaller values of internal forces. The building response tbr model C in dynamic displacements is significantly higher than for the both models A and B.

Application Geospatial Technology in Disaster Management

Disasters including natural and manmade make heavy losses in life and property each year. This subject can affect society, economy, and environment and can be a serious threat for development. In 10 years ago over 200 million people are have been effected both life and property. This figure is seven times more than losses in war. After the earthquake in Bam （a city in south Iran）, tsunami in south-eastern of Asia, fire in Australia, and other disasters, the management of disaster has been considered more than before. They have tried to use all facilities and equipment for reduction of disaster damage. Over 80% of necessary data in disaster management are spatial data. Spatial data and advanced technologies have an important role in disaster management because Geographic Information System （GIS） can help in identifying disaster points. GIS combines geospatial data, and hardware, software that can analyze data to produce information. GIS mainly involves saving and analysis of data according to spatial and attribute data. GIS can combine and analyze spatial and non-spatial data .We have made an attempt to consider disasters management according to facilities and role of Geospatial Technology in control of disaster （especially earthquake）.

长江经济带文化资源分布态势及归因——以全国重点文物保护单位为例

长江经济带是中华文明起源和发展的核心区域,文化资源富集,极具研究价值。本文以全国重点文物保护单位(简称“国保单位”)为载体,采用空间地理分析方法,探析长江经济带国保单位的分布差异及归因。研究发现:在时间态势上,不同历史时期形成的国保单位呈现出“七起六伏”的数量变化,其分布重心的迁移距离亦有变化;在空间态势上,国保单位沿长江水系呈“东密西疏”的鱼骨状分布,并亲水聚集;在类型特征上,国保单位的类型分布具有集中化的结构特征,其中古建筑占据数量优势;在归因解释方面,自然环境的水系指标、社会环境的文化指标对国保单位的分布差异具有高解释力。在此基础上,提出集群发展、固本强基和数字集成的策略,旨在为长江经济带国保单位的保护及传承提供学理依据。