侗族民居建造体系的当代演化初探

通常对乡土建筑进行研究时,关注对象主要是保留至今的在建筑类型学上具有意义的历史建筑,而乡土建筑在当代的演化相对被忽视。本研究通过对侗族主要分布区黔桂湘三省区交界处的十余个侗寨中民居的实地调研,采取将传统与当代侗族民居进行对比的方式,从建筑形式、空间利用、建造方法、建造仪式等几个方面归纳总结侗族民居建造体系的当代演化,并尝试探寻当代演化的成因。从建筑学视角对传统民居在现代化过程中的自主发展现象进行记录和解释,有利于认识和理解侗族民居在历史和今天的内涵,从而对当地传统建造文脉的保护或者现代乡土建筑的设计提供参考。

解体修理——黔南布依族苗族自治州尧古村布依族禾晾式禾仓营造技艺研究

解体修理法是一套系统化修缮保护方法,由日本建筑界对传统木构建筑拆卸、修复、重组进行的长期全过程记录发展而来。以黔南州尧古村中一座布依族禾晾式禾仓移筑工程作为解体修理法的实践契机,通过类型学与参与式观察的田野调查方法,调查与记录禾仓的形制特征、结构体系,分析其建构逻辑、营建工序、构件实况,以及当地工匠的标记术语、工具使用等内容。旨在揭示布依族工匠传统民间营造技艺的特征,并将其记录传承,以应对在复杂山地环境下的建造需求。

Joinery and Structure:Cultural and Technical Comparison between Traditional Wooden Framing Systems in East Asia and Western Europe

Traditional wooden joinery is the craft of connecting wood pieces for buildings or producing utensils by utilizing only the geometry of the components and material properties of the wood,without other materials such as glue or metal connectors.In its thousands of years of tradition,this construction technique has achieved high accomplishment in both East Asian and European architectural civilizations.Although sharing the same basic principles,joinery techniques vary between regions and cultures,rooted in the geographical environment,available wood species and their material properties,characteristics of craftsmanship,tools,and structural systems.Wood framing systems from China,Japan,and Western Europe are selected for comparison to assess the relationship between wood joinery and other aspects of building technology.The main conclusions include:in East Asia,the building tradition pays great attention to the design and execution of joinery(sunmao榫卯),making it responsible for multiple functions including architectural mechanics and the stability of the entire frame,which leads to a broader role meant by the term“joint”itself,while in Europe joinery is treated as the“node”or literally“joint”of the structure.Although in both East Asia and Europe wooden joinery serves as an aesthetic factor of the structure,its expression in East Asia is subtle,veiled,and restrained,while in Europe it is explicit and direct.The most important lesson we learn from the study of traditional joinery technology is that it should be seen in the context of the building process as a whole,taking into account geographical environment,material resources,craftsmanship,tools,construction methods,structural form,and the structural system.

四川南充高坪隐珠寺遗址建筑考述

隐珠寺坐落在四川省南充市高坪区走马镇隐珠寺村。其大殿始建于明景泰年间,至清康熙年间增修前殿、中殿及南北厢房。隐珠寺建筑既具有明清时期木构建筑的共性特征,又具有川北古建筑的鲜明个性,其文物价值较大。隐珠寺枋所见题刻亦具备一定的历史研究价值。目前,隐珠寺存在部分建筑变位倾斜、安全隐患突出与日常维护不善等问题。因此,切实保护好隐珠寺这一隐逸于乡间数百年的历史文化遗产,并充分挖掘隐珠寺的多重价值,促进隐珠寺更好地传承历史文脉,成为当务之急。