The existence of opportunistic behavior by contractors or sub-contractors in the bidding process encouraged by the governance structure of construction companies as well as the kind of relationship that exist between ...The existence of opportunistic behavior by contractors or sub-contractors in the bidding process encouraged by the governance structure of construction companies as well as the kind of relationship that exist between contractors and clients is thought to have some bearing on the rising construction cost observed in some regions of Sweden. Three hypotheses that are intended to test the impact that long run relationship between contractors and developers, vertically integrated firms, and the increase of international competition could have on the construction cost increase levels were tested on a predetermined number of projects from six cities in different regions. The semi-structured survey produces inconclusive results. Long run and collaborative relationship was prevalent in small region though respondents in this region did not draw strong connection between construction cost increase levels and the kind of observed relationship. In Stockholm region, short-term relationship was mostly prevalent. Vertical integration and foreign competition impacts on construction costs were not significant in either region.展开更多
A convenient competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) for ciprofloxacin(CPFX) was developed by using rabbit monoclonal antibodies(RabMAbs) against a hapten-protein conjugate of CPFX-bovine serum albumin(BS...A convenient competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) for ciprofloxacin(CPFX) was developed by using rabbit monoclonal antibodies(RabMAbs) against a hapten-protein conjugate of CPFX-bovine serum albumin(BSA).The indirect competitive ELISA of CPFX had a concentration at 50% inhibition(IC50) of 1.47 ng/ml and a limit of detection(LOD) of 0.095 ng/ml.The mAb exhibited some cross-reactivity,however,not so high with enrofloxacin(28.8%),ofloxacin(13.1%),norfloxacin(11.0%),fleroxacin(22.6%),and pefloxacin(20.4%).And it showed almost no cross-reactivity with other antibiotics or sulfonamides evaluated in this study.The competitive ELISA kit developed here could be used as a screening tool to detect and control illegal addition of CPFX in food products.This kit had been applied to milk detection and the recovery rates from samples spiked by CPFX were in a range of 63.02%-84.60%,with coefficients of variation of less than 12.2%.展开更多
文摘The existence of opportunistic behavior by contractors or sub-contractors in the bidding process encouraged by the governance structure of construction companies as well as the kind of relationship that exist between contractors and clients is thought to have some bearing on the rising construction cost observed in some regions of Sweden. Three hypotheses that are intended to test the impact that long run relationship between contractors and developers, vertically integrated firms, and the increase of international competition could have on the construction cost increase levels were tested on a predetermined number of projects from six cities in different regions. The semi-structured survey produces inconclusive results. Long run and collaborative relationship was prevalent in small region though respondents in this region did not draw strong connection between construction cost increase levels and the kind of observed relationship. In Stockholm region, short-term relationship was mostly prevalent. Vertical integration and foreign competition impacts on construction costs were not significant in either region.
基金Project supported by the National High-Tech R&D Program (863) of China (No. 2007AA10Z436)the Important National Science and Technology Specific Projects of China (No. 2009ZX03012-010B)
文摘A convenient competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) for ciprofloxacin(CPFX) was developed by using rabbit monoclonal antibodies(RabMAbs) against a hapten-protein conjugate of CPFX-bovine serum albumin(BSA).The indirect competitive ELISA of CPFX had a concentration at 50% inhibition(IC50) of 1.47 ng/ml and a limit of detection(LOD) of 0.095 ng/ml.The mAb exhibited some cross-reactivity,however,not so high with enrofloxacin(28.8%),ofloxacin(13.1%),norfloxacin(11.0%),fleroxacin(22.6%),and pefloxacin(20.4%).And it showed almost no cross-reactivity with other antibiotics or sulfonamides evaluated in this study.The competitive ELISA kit developed here could be used as a screening tool to detect and control illegal addition of CPFX in food products.This kit had been applied to milk detection and the recovery rates from samples spiked by CPFX were in a range of 63.02%-84.60%,with coefficients of variation of less than 12.2%.
