Yang Hui was one of the most important authors of mathematical works during the thirteenth century.Mathematical Methods Explaining in Detail The Nine Chapters(Xiangjie jiuzhang suanfa詳解九章算法,1261 CE)is the earlie...Yang Hui was one of the most important authors of mathematical works during the thirteenth century.Mathematical Methods Explaining in Detail The Nine Chapters(Xiangjie jiuzhang suanfa詳解九章算法,1261 CE)is the earliest extant work attributed to Yang Hui.From the thirteenth to the fifteenth century,this work played a crucial role in the circulation and popularization of The Nine Chapters on Mathematical Procedures(Jiuzhang suanshu九章算术).However,the only surviving printed edition of Mathematical Methods is incomplete and contains many mistakes obstructing contemporary researchers'understanding of this work.The "Fangcheng" chapter of The Nine Chapters deals with problems related to solving what today are known as simultaneous sets of linear equations.However,interpreting the text in this chapter of Mathematical Methods and recovering the mathematical practices relating to fangcheng are difficult.Through detailed textual and mathematical analyses,the author of this paper explains Yang Hufs understanding and practice relating to〃the fangcheng method"and"the method of the positive and the negative".This paper includes an appendix that provides a detailed translation of the ambiguous text relating to"the method of the positive and the negative"and gives reasons supporting the interpretation provided here.Yang Hufs understanding of the concepts of"positive"and"negative"and his practice relating to these two concepts may easily be confused with their apparent counterparts in modem mathematics.Also,careful analysis of the mathematical methods in this work reveal that the order of problems in Yang Hufs Reclassifications of Mathematical Methods Explaining in Detail The Nine Chapters([Xiangjie jiuzhang suanfa zuanlei詳解九章算法纂類],namely,the last section of Mathematical Methods)were rearranged according to commentaries to specific methods that appear in Mathematical Methods.Some textual clues referring to the zzprevious question"(qianwen前問)in certain commentaries of Mathematical Methods indeed reflect the order of problems in Reclassifications.Yang Hui made especially detailed commentaries on the problems that he arranged in a sequence that differs with respect to the original order of problems as they appear in the ancient classic work,The Nine Chapters.All these discoveries reveal and serve to prove a close relationship between Yang Hufs Mathematical Methods and his Reclassifications.展开更多
This is a replication of Tyler and Bro's study (1992) on the effect of discourse level phenomena on audience perception of comprehensibility. 53 Chinese students of English and 10 native English speakers were take...This is a replication of Tyler and Bro's study (1992) on the effect of discourse level phenomena on audience perception of comprehensibility. 53 Chinese students of English and 10 native English speakers were taken as informants to a questionnaire, in which orders of ideas, discourse miscues and other types of errors (e.g. cohesion and redundant ideas, etc.) were used as variables to see whether they could affect the comprehensibility of texts. Strong resemblances were found between the two groups. Order of ideas (i.e. deductive or inductive) seems not to have affected text comprehensibility much, but the interactive cumulating miscues at the discourse level played an important role in discourse comprehension. As disparities are found between what nonnative speakers do and how they react to what they have done, the paper discusses whether people think the way they write, and if linguistic competence correlates with cognitive ability. The paper suggests that knowing and doing are two aspects of learning; teachers of English, therefore, have to understand the perplexities second language learners face and try to help them write as effectively as possible in the target language.展开更多
基金research projects“Elements of Continuity between Mathematical Writings from the Thirteenth to the Fifteenth Century in China(十三至十五世纪中国数学著作连续性Y950051)”“Transmission of the Knowledge of Science and Technology along the Silk Road(丝绸之路科技知识传播Y921011012,Director:Guo Yuanyuan郭园园)”of the Institute for the History of Natural Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences.The paper has been copyedited by John Moffett。
文摘Yang Hui was one of the most important authors of mathematical works during the thirteenth century.Mathematical Methods Explaining in Detail The Nine Chapters(Xiangjie jiuzhang suanfa詳解九章算法,1261 CE)is the earliest extant work attributed to Yang Hui.From the thirteenth to the fifteenth century,this work played a crucial role in the circulation and popularization of The Nine Chapters on Mathematical Procedures(Jiuzhang suanshu九章算术).However,the only surviving printed edition of Mathematical Methods is incomplete and contains many mistakes obstructing contemporary researchers'understanding of this work.The "Fangcheng" chapter of The Nine Chapters deals with problems related to solving what today are known as simultaneous sets of linear equations.However,interpreting the text in this chapter of Mathematical Methods and recovering the mathematical practices relating to fangcheng are difficult.Through detailed textual and mathematical analyses,the author of this paper explains Yang Hufs understanding and practice relating to〃the fangcheng method"and"the method of the positive and the negative".This paper includes an appendix that provides a detailed translation of the ambiguous text relating to"the method of the positive and the negative"and gives reasons supporting the interpretation provided here.Yang Hufs understanding of the concepts of"positive"and"negative"and his practice relating to these two concepts may easily be confused with their apparent counterparts in modem mathematics.Also,careful analysis of the mathematical methods in this work reveal that the order of problems in Yang Hufs Reclassifications of Mathematical Methods Explaining in Detail The Nine Chapters([Xiangjie jiuzhang suanfa zuanlei詳解九章算法纂類],namely,the last section of Mathematical Methods)were rearranged according to commentaries to specific methods that appear in Mathematical Methods.Some textual clues referring to the zzprevious question"(qianwen前問)in certain commentaries of Mathematical Methods indeed reflect the order of problems in Reclassifications.Yang Hui made especially detailed commentaries on the problems that he arranged in a sequence that differs with respect to the original order of problems as they appear in the ancient classic work,The Nine Chapters.All these discoveries reveal and serve to prove a close relationship between Yang Hufs Mathematical Methods and his Reclassifications.
文摘This is a replication of Tyler and Bro's study (1992) on the effect of discourse level phenomena on audience perception of comprehensibility. 53 Chinese students of English and 10 native English speakers were taken as informants to a questionnaire, in which orders of ideas, discourse miscues and other types of errors (e.g. cohesion and redundant ideas, etc.) were used as variables to see whether they could affect the comprehensibility of texts. Strong resemblances were found between the two groups. Order of ideas (i.e. deductive or inductive) seems not to have affected text comprehensibility much, but the interactive cumulating miscues at the discourse level played an important role in discourse comprehension. As disparities are found between what nonnative speakers do and how they react to what they have done, the paper discusses whether people think the way they write, and if linguistic competence correlates with cognitive ability. The paper suggests that knowing and doing are two aspects of learning; teachers of English, therefore, have to understand the perplexities second language learners face and try to help them write as effectively as possible in the target language.
