This paper reconstructs,based on American and Chinese primary sources,the visits of Chinese mathematicians Shiing-shen Chern陈省身(Chen Xingshen)and Hua Luogeng华罗庚(Loo-Keng Hua)4 to the Institute for Advanced Study...This paper reconstructs,based on American and Chinese primary sources,the visits of Chinese mathematicians Shiing-shen Chern陈省身(Chen Xingshen)and Hua Luogeng华罗庚(Loo-Keng Hua)4 to the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton in the United States in the 1940s,especially their interactions with Oswald Veblen and Hermann Weyl,two leading mathematicians at the IAS.It argues that Chern’s and Hua’s motivations and choices in regard to their transnational movements between China and the US were more nuanced and multifaceted than what is presented in existing accounts,and that socio-political factors combined with professional-personal ones to shape their decisions.The paper further uses their experiences to demonstrate the importance of transnational scientific interactions for the development of science in China,the US,and elsewhere in the twentieth century.展开更多
The Warsaw Uprising is one of the events key to understanding not only the history of Poland but also Central Europe and World War II. The Uprising shows that the war was not a simple fight of good against evil （as i...The Warsaw Uprising is one of the events key to understanding not only the history of Poland but also Central Europe and World War II. The Uprising shows that the war was not a simple fight of good against evil （as it often perceived in Western Europe） but that in fact three sides, each with different goals, were involved--two totalitarian systems and the world of Western democracies. Memory is a phenomenon that is directly related to the present; our perception of the past is always influenced by the present. The aim of the author＇s presentation is to examine how the collective memory of Polish people about the Warsaw Rising was changing. The author would argue that the remembrance of this event is situated between the communicative memory and cultural memory. To prove it, the author will examine two movies： Sewer （1956） by Andrzej Wajda, Eroica （1956） by Andrzej Munk, and the narrative exhibition of the Warsaw Rising Museum.展开更多
Italian military real-estate is highly varied as regards its location, intended uses, its typological, stylistic, and constructive features and its state of conservation. What historical and documental value can we at...Italian military real-estate is highly varied as regards its location, intended uses, its typological, stylistic, and constructive features and its state of conservation. What historical and documental value can we attribute to the typological and technical aspects of military buildings？ What problems and strategies have to be studied before such buildings can be repurposed for inclusion into a circuit of social and civil uses？ Some attempts were made to answer these questions by analysing the military real estate of Palmanova, the fortress city founded by the Serenissima Republic of Venice in 1593, a city designed by engineers, military analysts, and expert military architects all answerable to the Fortifications Office of Venice. There are a number of barracks situated inside the city＇s fortified walls, within a somewhat confined area： Montezemolo, Isonzo, Ederle, Filzi, Montesanto and others in outlying villages. Barracks built in different periods （some during the Renaissance, others in the eighteenth century and some even after the Second World War） have been gradually phased out of service. Their restoration and functional leverage, in the early years of this century, were discussed in terms of an economic and cultural strategy that would not upset the city. New regeneration strategies are called for if these abandoned military structures are not to undergo further deterioration. These strategies should be based upon a knowledge of these structures＇ features--their layout, architecture, technologies--and should also embrace local policies, but first and foremost they require real, contextualized and economically sustainable projects.展开更多
This paper will mention Marxist propositions, presented since the mid-19th century, about capitalism, socialism, and internationalism. According to Marx, socialism would replace capitalism and internationalism would o...This paper will mention Marxist propositions, presented since the mid-19th century, about capitalism, socialism, and internationalism. According to Marx, socialism would replace capitalism and internationalism would occur through the dissolution of nation states. Later, Marxist circles presented a historical arrow in the form of 〉 capitalism 〉 socialism 〉 internationalism. Taking into account recent steps of globalization and measures imposed by national governments in the face of the deep financial crisis of 2008, it is interesting to compare the above theory with some historical events that have happened since the 19th century. Much has happened that Marx did not predict. Considering the world trajectory since the Second World War, it seems that the historical arrow has the form of 〉 capitalism 〉 internationalism 〉 hybridism of capitalism and socialism 〉？展开更多
Global governance is often equated with international institutions such as the United Nations and the World Bank that were established after World War II to address problems transcending national borders. While these ...Global governance is often equated with international institutions such as the United Nations and the World Bank that were established after World War II to address problems transcending national borders. While these institutions incorporate norms of representative democracy that evolved in national societies, their legitimacy is often questioned on grounds of limited effectiveness and remoteness from the citizens they purportedly serve. The arguments of many democratic theorists that deliberation among ordinary citizens can legitimize policies that heed these views thus bear important implications for global governance. In this paper, the possibility and different ways that civil society enhancing public participation, transparency and accountability in global governance are addressed. The empirical focus will be on the world＇s first global deliberation--WWViews （world wide views on global warming） that was held in 38 countries with all inhabited continents in 2009. The social drivers that encourage innovation in global democratic governance are analysed, as the main successes and challenges of WWViews and sketch three scenarios of the future of deliberative global governance are based on the experiences and plans around global citizen participation. The authors argue that despite some challenges, such as ensuring high quality of deliberation in highly variant policy cultural contexts and building policy pathways conducive to political impact, the prospects of deliberation in helping solve global environmental and policy problems are high, and likely to see cumulative progress in the near future.展开更多
During the Second world war, the Franco-British cooperation included the organization of purchasing missions for airnautical material in the States. On 25 november 1939, a Franco-British agreement was set up to organi...During the Second world war, the Franco-British cooperation included the organization of purchasing missions for airnautical material in the States. On 25 november 1939, a Franco-British agreement was set up to organize two purchasing missions in the United States under the control of a ＂Liaison Committee＂ supervised by the Treasury Secretary, Henry Morgenthau. Edouard Daladier, French Chief of Government, sent Ren6 Pleven to establish contacts with General Arnold （AirCorps）. The Franco-British financial contribution facilitated a main spurt in investments which help modernize the American products apparatus. First contacts were established on April 1940, to be delivered in September. While France had not be able to benefit from significant part of these orders, Great Britain would take over some units that were originally allocated to France. These contracts would later facilitate the development of transatlantic cooperation.展开更多
文摘This paper reconstructs,based on American and Chinese primary sources,the visits of Chinese mathematicians Shiing-shen Chern陈省身(Chen Xingshen)and Hua Luogeng华罗庚(Loo-Keng Hua)4 to the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton in the United States in the 1940s,especially their interactions with Oswald Veblen and Hermann Weyl,two leading mathematicians at the IAS.It argues that Chern’s and Hua’s motivations and choices in regard to their transnational movements between China and the US were more nuanced and multifaceted than what is presented in existing accounts,and that socio-political factors combined with professional-personal ones to shape their decisions.The paper further uses their experiences to demonstrate the importance of transnational scientific interactions for the development of science in China,the US,and elsewhere in the twentieth century.
文摘The Warsaw Uprising is one of the events key to understanding not only the history of Poland but also Central Europe and World War II. The Uprising shows that the war was not a simple fight of good against evil （as it often perceived in Western Europe） but that in fact three sides, each with different goals, were involved--two totalitarian systems and the world of Western democracies. Memory is a phenomenon that is directly related to the present; our perception of the past is always influenced by the present. The aim of the author＇s presentation is to examine how the collective memory of Polish people about the Warsaw Rising was changing. The author would argue that the remembrance of this event is situated between the communicative memory and cultural memory. To prove it, the author will examine two movies： Sewer （1956） by Andrzej Wajda, Eroica （1956） by Andrzej Munk, and the narrative exhibition of the Warsaw Rising Museum.
文摘Italian military real-estate is highly varied as regards its location, intended uses, its typological, stylistic, and constructive features and its state of conservation. What historical and documental value can we attribute to the typological and technical aspects of military buildings？ What problems and strategies have to be studied before such buildings can be repurposed for inclusion into a circuit of social and civil uses？ Some attempts were made to answer these questions by analysing the military real estate of Palmanova, the fortress city founded by the Serenissima Republic of Venice in 1593, a city designed by engineers, military analysts, and expert military architects all answerable to the Fortifications Office of Venice. There are a number of barracks situated inside the city＇s fortified walls, within a somewhat confined area： Montezemolo, Isonzo, Ederle, Filzi, Montesanto and others in outlying villages. Barracks built in different periods （some during the Renaissance, others in the eighteenth century and some even after the Second World War） have been gradually phased out of service. Their restoration and functional leverage, in the early years of this century, were discussed in terms of an economic and cultural strategy that would not upset the city. New regeneration strategies are called for if these abandoned military structures are not to undergo further deterioration. These strategies should be based upon a knowledge of these structures＇ features--their layout, architecture, technologies--and should also embrace local policies, but first and foremost they require real, contextualized and economically sustainable projects.
文摘This paper will mention Marxist propositions, presented since the mid-19th century, about capitalism, socialism, and internationalism. According to Marx, socialism would replace capitalism and internationalism would occur through the dissolution of nation states. Later, Marxist circles presented a historical arrow in the form of 〉 capitalism 〉 socialism 〉 internationalism. Taking into account recent steps of globalization and measures imposed by national governments in the face of the deep financial crisis of 2008, it is interesting to compare the above theory with some historical events that have happened since the 19th century. Much has happened that Marx did not predict. Considering the world trajectory since the Second World War, it seems that the historical arrow has the form of 〉 capitalism 〉 internationalism 〉 hybridism of capitalism and socialism 〉？
文摘Global governance is often equated with international institutions such as the United Nations and the World Bank that were established after World War II to address problems transcending national borders. While these institutions incorporate norms of representative democracy that evolved in national societies, their legitimacy is often questioned on grounds of limited effectiveness and remoteness from the citizens they purportedly serve. The arguments of many democratic theorists that deliberation among ordinary citizens can legitimize policies that heed these views thus bear important implications for global governance. In this paper, the possibility and different ways that civil society enhancing public participation, transparency and accountability in global governance are addressed. The empirical focus will be on the world＇s first global deliberation--WWViews （world wide views on global warming） that was held in 38 countries with all inhabited continents in 2009. The social drivers that encourage innovation in global democratic governance are analysed, as the main successes and challenges of WWViews and sketch three scenarios of the future of deliberative global governance are based on the experiences and plans around global citizen participation. The authors argue that despite some challenges, such as ensuring high quality of deliberation in highly variant policy cultural contexts and building policy pathways conducive to political impact, the prospects of deliberation in helping solve global environmental and policy problems are high, and likely to see cumulative progress in the near future.
文摘During the Second world war, the Franco-British cooperation included the organization of purchasing missions for airnautical material in the States. On 25 november 1939, a Franco-British agreement was set up to organize two purchasing missions in the United States under the control of a ＂Liaison Committee＂ supervised by the Treasury Secretary, Henry Morgenthau. Edouard Daladier, French Chief of Government, sent Ren6 Pleven to establish contacts with General Arnold （AirCorps）. The Franco-British financial contribution facilitated a main spurt in investments which help modernize the American products apparatus. First contacts were established on April 1940, to be delivered in September. While France had not be able to benefit from significant part of these orders, Great Britain would take over some units that were originally allocated to France. These contracts would later facilitate the development of transatlantic cooperation.
