崩落矿岩散体移动密度场及速度场

研究散体移动密度和速度场是放矿理论的重要内容之一 ,本文基于随机介质放矿理论提出了膨胀散体移动密度函数和等密度体方程、移动速度函数 ,并对移动场进行了分析。

Electron Acceleration in Wakefield and Supra-Bubble Regimes by Ultraintense Laser with Asymmetric Pulse

Electron acceleration in plasma driven by circular polarized ultraintense laser with asymmetric pulse axe investigated analytically and numerically in terms of oscillation-center Hamiltonian formalism. Studies include wakefield acceleration, which dominates in blow-out or bubble regime and snow-plow acceleration which dominates in supra-bubble regime. By a comparison with each other it is found that snow-plow acceleration has lower acceleration capability. In wakefield acceleration, there exists an obvious optimum pulse asymmetry or/and pulse lengths that leads to the high net energy gain while in snow-plow acceleration it is insensitive to the pulse lengths. Power and linear scaling laws for wakefield and snow-plow acceleration respetively are observed from the net energy gain depending on laser field amplitude. Moreover, there exists also an upper and lower limit on plasma density for an effective acceleration in both of regimes.

Mechanical properties and plasma erosion resistance of BN_p/Al_2O_3-SiO_2 composite ceramics

BNp/Al2O3-SiO2 system ceramic matrix composites with different volume fractions （10%-60%） of hexagonal BN particulates （BNp） were prepared by hot-press sintering technique. Phase components, microstructure, mechanical properties and plasma erosion resistance were also investigated. With the increase of h-BNp content, relative density and Vickers＇ hardness of the composite ceramics decrease, while the flexural strength, elastic modulus and fracture toughness increase and then decrease. The plasma erosion resistance linearly deteriorated with the increase of BNp content which is mainly determined by the density, crystal structure and atomic number of the elements.

Ion Acceleration in Laser-Plasma Interaction: Shock, Sheath, and Scaling

Some notes and comments on ion acceleration in laser-plasma interaction is given, in particular for the implication of shock, sheath and sealing. A simple model is proposed for ion acceleration by the combination of shock and sheath. The obtained scaling relations between the maximum ion energy and laser parameters （power, pulse duration） as well plasma parameter （plasma density）for example α PL 7/12 Eion,max α TL1/3 and Eion,max α ne2/3,are compared to the previous works. Some deficiencies and implications of model and results are discussed.

Dust Acoustic Solitary Waves in Saturn F-ring's Region

Effect of hot and cold dust charge on the propagation of dust-acoustic waves （DAWs） in unmagnetized plasma having electrons, singly charged ions, hot and cold dust grains has been investigated. The reductive perturbation method is employed to reduce the basic set of fluid equations to the Kortewege-de Vries （KdV） equation. At the critical hot dusty plasma density Nho, the KdV equation is not appropriate for describing the system. Hence, a set of stretched coordinates is considered to derive the modified KdV equation. It is found that the presence of hot and cold dust charge grains not only significantly modifies the basic properties of solitary structure, but also changes the polarity of the solitary profiles. In the vicinity of the critical hot dusty plasma density Nho, neither KdV nor mKdV equation is appropriate for describing the DAWs. Therefore, a further modified KdV （fmKdV） equation is derived, which admits both soliton and double layer solutions.

Estimation on Local Energy Density in Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions

Energy density for the central region in relativistic heavy ion collisions can be estimated via the pseudorapidity distribution of transverse energy. The way to estimate the local energy density for the central region in relativistic heavy ion collisions is proposed, in which only final state particles emitted from the same source are included. The arrived energy density in NA49 experiments is about 1.03 GeV/fm3.

High Density Plasma Nitriding of Al-Cu Alloys for Automotive Parts

Duralumin alloys have been utilized as structural components and parts for aircrafts, train-cars and so forth. Their high specific strength was attractive to those applications; however, their little corrosion resistance and low wear endurance became a fatal demerit in practical applications. In order to overcome these issues of high strength aluminum alloys, high density plasma nitriding is proposed as an effective surface treatment for duralumin. This process has a capability to control the RF- and DC-plasmas independently for nitriding. This enables us to temporally control and describe the plasma state by in-situ plasma diagnosis. This plasma diagnosis was instrumented to search for optimum processing condition to plasma nitriding the duralumin alloys of type A2011. Both type A2011 aluminum alloy plates and pipes were employed to describe the inner nitriding behavior for hardening the duralumin alloys by the present plasma nitriding.

High tap density of Ni_3(PO_4)_2 coated LiNi_(1/3)Co_(1/3)Mn_(1/3)O_2 with enhanced cycling performance at high cut-off voltage

The Li Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 is first obtained by the controlled crystallization method and then coated with Ni3(PO4)2particles. The effects of the coating on rate capability and cycle life at high cut-off voltage are investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and galvanostatic measurements. The element ratio of Ni:Mn:Co is tested by inductively-coupled plasma spectrometer(ICP) analysis and it testified to be 1:1:1. It is indicated that Ni3(PO4)2-coated Li Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 has an outstanding capacity retention, where 99% capacity retention is maintained after 10 cycles at 5C discharge rate between 2.7 V and 4.6 V. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) results show that the current exchange density i0 of the coated sample is higher than that of Li Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2, which is beneficial to its electrochemical performances. All the conclusions show that the Ni3(PO4)2coating can prominently enhance the high rate performance of the Li Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2, especially at high cut-off voltage.

Time Evolution of the Multicomponent Laser Plasma Parameters

The emission of CulnSe2-based laser ablation plasma has been investigated at a distance of I mm from the target surface. The plasma was formed by radiation of the neodymium laser （5 ×10^8 W.cm^-2; 1,064 nm; 20 ns; 12 Hz）. The temporal dynamics have been obtained for the plasma parameters, such as the population of excited states of atoms, electron temperature and density. Two peaks were observed in the temporal profile of the population of excited states. The temporal dependence of electron temperature was singly peaked. During the time interval of 0-300 ns, the electron temperature varied in the range of 1.6-1.2 eV and the density of electrons varied in the range of 1.3 × 10^16 cm^-3 to 9 × 10^14 cm^-3. It has been established that at the selected conditions of plasma formation saved ratio of copper and indium, which correspond to stoichoimetric target composition.

The Effect of the Under-dense Magnetized Plasma on Electron Density Distribution and Field Profile

Propagation of a high frequency electromagnetic wave in under-dence plasma in presence of an external magnetic field is investigated. When a constant magnetic field perpendicular to the motion of electrons is applied, then the electrons rotate around the magnetic field lines and generate electromagnetic part in the wake with a nonzero group velocity. Using of the Maxwell equations and nonlinear differential equation for the electric field a direct one dimensional （ID） procedure for calculating wake equations are developed and the electric and magnetic field profile in the plasma are investigated.

Statistical study of the properties of the magnetic field and plasma in the earth's magnetotail near lunar orbit

Based on the magnetic field and plasma data obtained by GEOTAIL in 1992-1995 and WIND in1994-2009, the magnetic field and plasma properties in the magnetotail near lunar orbit were studied statistically using the superposed epoch analysis. The results showed that near the 0° sector the plasma density was negatively correlated with Dst index while the temperature was positively correlated with Dst index. The plasma velocity and magnetic field strength had little correlation with Dst index. Around the current sheet near the lunar orbit, the Bx varied between -15-15 nT, the plasma density was less than 0.4 cm^-3, the median of plasma density for all events was less than 0.1 cm^-3, the temperature varied from 0.016 to 8.98 keV, the median of the plasma temperature for all the events was -3 keV, the median of speed was about 200 km/s and the maximum speed was up to 1500 km/s. The tailward and earthward flows could be observed accompanied with the current sheet. For the current sheet cases with tailward flow, the Bx varied from -15 to 15 nT, the upper quartile of plasma velocity was more than 400 krn/s, the maximum speed was up to 1500 km/s. For the current sheet cases with tailward flow, the Bx varied from -10 to 10 nT, the upper quartile of plasma velocity was less than 400 km/s, the maximum speed was up to 1200 km/s. The median of plasma density, temperature and velocity were similar for the two categories. This paper discussed the relationship between above results and magnetic reconnection at magnetic tail, compared the above results with the observation in the far magnetotail. We fitted the statistical results according to the Harris current sheet model, and the observation was consistent with Harris current sheet model. The above results can provide useful information for the design and protection of lunar-orbiting spacecraft and can be used as the background magnetic field and plasma parameters in the numerical simulation of mid-magnetotail reconnection.

Stability and diffusion properties of self-interstitial atoms in tungsten:a first-principles investigation

Employing a first-principles method based on the density function theory, we systematically investigate the structures, stability and diffusion of self-interstitial atoms （SIAs） in tungsten （W）. The （111 〉 dumbbell is shown to be the most stable SIA defect configuration with the formation energy of -9.43 eV. The on-site rotation modes can be described by a quite soft floating mechanism and a down-hill ＂drift＂ diffusion process from （110） dumbbell to 〈111〉 dumbbell and from （001） dumbbell to 〈110〉 dumbbell, respectively. Among different SIA configurations jumping to near neighboring site, the 〈111 〉 dumbbell is more preferable to migrate directly to first-nearest-neighboring site with a much lower energy barrier of 0.004 eV. These resuits provide a useful reference for W as a candidate plasma facing material in fusion Tokamak.

Numerical experiments of disturbance to the solar atmosphere caused by eruptions

Despite extensive research on various global waves in solar eruptions, debate continues on the intrinsic nature of them. In this work, we performed numerical experiments of the coronal mass ejection with emphases on the associated large-scale MHD waves. A fast-mode shock forms in front of the flux rope during the eruption with a dimming region following it, and the development of a three-component structure of the ejecta is observed. At the flank of the flux rope, the slow-mode shock and the velocity vortices are also invoked. The dependence of the eruption energetics on the strength of the background field and the coronal plasma density distribution is apparent： the stronger the background field is, and/or the lower the coronal plasma density is, the more energetic the eruption is. In the lower Alfven speed environment, the slow mode shock and the large scale velocity vortices may be the source of the EIT wave. In the high Alfvdn speed environment, on the other hand, the echo due to the reflection of the fast shock on the bottom boundary could be so strong that its interaction with the slow mode shock and the velocity vortices produces the second echo propagating downward and causing the secondary disturbance to the boundary surface. We suggest that this second echo, together with the slow shock and the velocity vortices, could constitute a possible candidate of the source for the EIT wave.

Electron dynamics and wave activities associated with mirror mode structures in the near-Earth magnetotail

We report the observation of mirror mode structures by Cluster spacecraft at around X^-16 RE in the Earth’s magnetotail.The wavelength of the mirror structure is larger than 7000 km,corresponding to tens of ion gyroradii.Features of the mirror structures are similar to those detected in the magnetosheath:the anti-correlation between the magnetic field strength and plasma density,zero phase velocity in the plasma rest frame and linear polarization.The structures were observed in a region bounded by two dipolarizations during a substorm intensification.Thus,the dipolarization process may provide a plasma condition facilitating the growth of the mirror mode structures.Another interesting feature is the electron dynamics within the mirror structures.Thermal electron energy flux has an enhancement at 0°and 180°pitch angles inside the magnetic dips of the first three mirror structures and an enhancement at 90°pitch angle inside the magnetic dip of the last structure.The different electron distribution inside the mirror structures might be a result of different evolution stages of the mirror wave.The last structure may be in the nonlinear stage of the mirror instability,whereas the three others with quasi-sinusoidal waveforms may be in the linear stage.In addition,we found that intense whistler waves were confined within the magnetic dips.We conjecture that whistler waves observed in the first three dips were generated in a remote region,then they were trapped in the mirror mode troughs and transported toward the spacecraft;while the whistler wave detected in the last dip was excited locally by the electron anisotropy instability.

Nonlinear Interaction of Elliptical Laser Beam with Collisional Plasma：Effect of Linear Absorption

In the present work,nonlinear interaction of elliptical laser beam with collisional plasma is studied by using paraxial ray approximation.Nonlinear differential equations for the beam width parameters of semi-major axis and semi-minor axis of elliptical laser beam have been set up and solved numerically to study the variation of beam width parameters with normalized distance of propagation.Effects of variation in absorption coefficient and plasma density on the beam width parameters are also analyzed.It is observed from the analysis that extent of self-focusing of beam increases with increase/decrease in plasma density/absorption coefficient.

The relations between density of FACs in the Plasma Sheet Boundary Layers and Kp index

We have studied 172 field-aligned currents （FACs） cases observed by the ClusterlI satellites when they crossed the plasma sheet boundary layer （PSBL） in the magnetotail from July to October 2001. We mainly analyzed the relationship between the characteristic of FACs at the PSBL in magnetotail and the Kp index. The main results indicated the followings： 1） In the different geomagnetic activity levels, the relative occurrence of FACs in PSBL increased monotonically with geomagnetic activity. 2） The density of FACs in PSBL increased monotonically with Kp index. In the storm main phase, the density of FACs increased dramatically, the maximum FACs approximately equaled 19.05 nA m-2 while Kp equaled 5.3） The variation of FACs density in PSBL was consistent with the variation of the Kp index. However, when AE〈800 nT, FACs density in PSBL increased with increasing AE, and when AE〉800 nT, it decreased with increasing AE. Therefore, our results suggested that the FACs density in PSBL had a closer correlation with Kp index.

Plasma density evolution in plasma opening switch obtained by a time-resolved sensitive He-Ne interferometer

To understand the formation process of vacuum gap in coaxial microsecond conduction time plasma opening switch(POS),we have made measurements of the line-integrated plasma density during switch operation using a time-resolved sensitive He-Ne interferometer.The conduction current and conduction time in experiments are about 120 kA and 1 s,respectively.As a result,more than 85%of conduction current has been transferred to an inductive load with rise time of 130 ns.The radial dependence of the density is measured by changing the radial location of the line-of-sight for shots with the same nominal POS parameters.During the conduction phase,the line-integrated plasma density in POS increases at all radial locations over the gun-only case by further ionization of material injected from the guns.The current conduction is observed to cause a radial redistribution of the switch plasma.A vacuum gap forms rapidly in the plasma at 5.5 mm from the center conductor,which is consistent with the location where magnetic pressure is the largest,allowing current to be transferred from the POS to the load.

Investigation of Weakly Relativistic Ponderomotive Effects on Self-Focusing During Interaction of High Power Elliptical Laser Beam with Plasma

This paper presents an investigation of weakly relativistic ponderomotive effects on self-focusing during interaction of high power elliptical laser beam with plasma. The nonlinear differential equations for the beam width parameters of elliptical laser beam have set up by using Wentzal–Krammers–Brillouin(WKB) and paraxial approximations. These equations have been solved numerically by using fourth order Runge–Kutta method to study the variation of these beam width parameters against normalized distance of propagation. Effects of variation in laser beam intensity,plasma density and electron temperature on the beam width parameters are also analyzed.

GaN-based LEDs for light communication

Rapid improvement in the efficiency of GaN-based LEDs not only speed up its applications for general illumination, but offer the possibilities for data transmission. This review is to provide an overview of current progresses of GaN-based LEDs for light communications. The modulation bandwidth of GaN-based LEDs has been first improved by optimizing the LED epilayer structures and the modulation bandwidth of 73 MHz was achieved at the driving current density of 40 A/cm2 by changing the multi-quantum well structures. After that, in order to increase the current density tolerance, different parallel flip-chip micro-LED arrays were fabricated. With a high injected current density of ~7900 A/cm2, a maximum modulation bandwidth of ~227 MHz was obtained with optical power greater than 30 mW. Besides the increase of carrier concentrations, the radiative recombination coefficient B was also enhanced by modifying the photon surrounding environment based on some novel nanostructures such as resonant cavity, surface plasmon, and photonic crystals. The optical 3 dB modulation bandwidth of GaN-based nanostructure LEDs with Ag nanoparticles was enhanced by 2 times compared with GaN-based nanostructure LEDs without Ag nanoparticles.Our results demonstrate that using the QW-SP coupling can effectively help to enhance the carrier spontaneous emission rate and also increase the modulation bandwidth for LEDs, especially for LEDs with high intrinsic IQE. In addition, we discuss the progress of the faster color conversion stimulated by GaN-based LEDs.

Energy loss of tens keV charged particles traveling in the hot dense carbon plasma

The energy loss of charged particles, including electrons, protons, and α-particles with tens keV initial energy E0, traveling in the hot dense carbon(C) plasma for densities from 2.281 to 22.81 g/cm3 and temperatures from 400 to 1500 eV is systematically and quantitatively studied by using the dimensional continuation method. The behaviors of different charged particles are readily distinguishable from each other. Firstly, because an ion is thousands times heavier than an electron, the penetration distance of the electron is much longer than that of proton and α-particle traveling in the plasma. Secondly, most energy of electron projectile with E0 < 100 keV deposits into the electron species of C plasma, while for the cases of proton and α-particle with E0 < 100 keV,about more than half energy transfers into the ion species of C plasma. A simple decreasing law of the penetration distance as a function of the plasma density is fitted, and different behaviors of each projectile particle can be clearly found from the fitted data.We believe that with the advanced progress of the present experimental technology, the findings shown here could be confirmed in ion-stopping experiments in the near future.