论唐代科举制策试的匡时济俗功能

唐代士人参加科举制策试或私下模拟策试,都直言不讳地批评时弊,提出应对方案。他们的参政议政资格,只要报名科考即可自动获得。皇帝在开科诏令和策试题目中每每自谦德薄才寡,坦言施政失误,国家危难,恳请考生帮助自己。官方对于时政问题从来不规定标准答案,任随考生自主思考,自由表达。这种正视现实的勇气和征集、接受意见的诚恳态度,是唐代统治阶级自强、自信的一种体现。“上下雷同,非国家之福”,是时人共识。在这种背景下,策试才能产生一定的匡时济俗功能。然而,由统治阶级举办的策试,尽管可以揭示某些表层化的社会问题,却无力解决社会顽症;再加上残酷、复杂的政治派别斗争,策试匡时济俗功能的发挥必然受到限制。

明代科举考试策试题型分析及对当前学校考试评价改革的启示

通过对明代科举考试试题的分析,进一步加深我们对科举制度和学校考试评价制度本身的认识。同时,明代科举考试试题中的积极因素,给当今学校考试评价提供了诸多参考和借鉴。

两汉时期策试制度述论

策试即制策取士,源于汉代一种选拔高级人才的考试形式。发起于汉文帝,武帝时渐趋制度化,在选拔程序上保留察举遗迹。此时策试与成熟考试制度相比尚有差距,但汉代开创的这种考试形式却对当时社会、中国科举史研究、"策学"产生以及西方国家文官考试制度发展产生重大影响。

教育优先:清末新政中的科举策试改革

清末新政时期颁布学制和科举变法,第一次将学校教育提高到亘古未有的重要地位,学校教育的重要性超过以往的“兵、刑、钱、谷”。1902—1904年的乡试、会试、殿试有关教育的策问和对策,充分体现出科举变法中的教育优先政策。清末改革之后的科举考试已具备一定的现代文官考试性质。科举采用各国政治策问使西学的推广具有了制度化的保障,是推动西学广泛传播的关键因素。延续1300年的科举制,在其生命的最后时刻,发挥其以考促学的强大功用,为清末普及新学和促进学校教育起到了重要的作用。科举变法中开始出现的教育优先理念,对后来中国重视发展学校教育具有先导作用。而在最后两次科举考试中出现的“强国之本,莫先于学”之类的理念,在当今建设教育强国的时代,仍有一定的参考价值。

萧梁经学生策试制度考辨

萧梁经学生策试入仕制度确立于天监四年(505),而宗室子弟的策试入仕大致开始于天监末普通初期间(519—522)。考生在每年的十月报名、十一月策试,策试的地点在仪贤堂。策试的经书由皇帝临时决定,为一经、二经或三经不等,试题皆为十道,成绩与两汉以来经学策试与察举策试的成绩相一致,分为高第、中第、下第即甲、乙、丙三等。考官是国子学祭酒与博士,梁武帝经常亲自参加策试。经学生考试的方式与察举策试的方式相同,为口答,但内容有笔录。

Data-driven methods for predicting the representative temperature of bridge cable based on limited measured data

Cable-stayed bridges have been widely used in high-speed railway infrastructure.The accurate determination of cable’s representative temperatures is vital during the intricate processes of design,construction,and maintenance of cable-stayed bridges.However,the representative temperatures of stayed cables are not specified in the existing design codes.To address this issue,this study investigates the distribution of the cable temperature and determinates its representative temperature.First,an experimental investigation,spanning over a period of one year,was carried out near the bridge site to obtain the temperature data.According to the statistical analysis of the measured data,it reveals that the temperature distribution is generally uniform along the cable cross-section without significant temperature gradient.Then,based on the limited data,the Monte Carlo,the gradient boosted regression trees(GBRT),and univariate linear regression(ULR)methods are employed to predict the cable’s representative temperature throughout the service life.These methods effectively overcome the limitations of insufficient monitoring data and accurately predict the representative temperature of the cables.However,each method has its own advantages and limitations in terms of applicability and accuracy.A comprehensive evaluation of the performance of these methods is conducted,and practical recommendations are provided for their application.The proposed methods and representative temperatures provide a good basis for the operation and maintenance of in-service long-span cable-stayed bridges.

董仲舒对策考

《汉书》记董仲舒对策在元光元年,然后出任江都相,明确无误,但说自汉文帝前15年举贤良已有了统一的"策试"、"对策"、"评比"、"选拔"等一套措施则是误解和误记。汉武帝建元初对推举出来的贤良有"征"和"待诏"一类的安置措施,但尚无统一的策试。直到元光五年举贤良才规范了一些。《汉书》把"对策"中迎合汉武帝的一些建议描绘成董仲舒的创见,被汉武帝一一采纳。其实,汉武帝先已实行了"尊儒"、"举孝廉"等。董仲舒的"对策"只供武帝"亲览",当时并未公开,也不存在是否采纳其建议的问题。汉武帝"尊儒"是事实,但并不曾颁布过所谓"罢黜百家,独尊儒术"的法令。

“时务文体”溯源

时务文体自中国新闻业诞生之初就已成为新闻写作文体中较为独特的标志和典型风格,而对于早期的新闻记者来说之所以能轻而易举的驾驭这种报章新文体,追根溯源或许应该从中国传统策试文化中寻找原因。时务文体不同于桐城派古文,它半文半白的风格以及对当时国情的批判和建议,是继承了策试对学子安邦治国能力的考察,也突破了八股文风的思想束缚,成为新闻文体中的一股清流。

Research on Manipulation Strategy of Quad Tilt-Rotor

Aiming at the complex tilting process of quad tilt-rotor(QTR)transition mode,this paper studies the manipulation strategy in transition mode to solve the problem of manipulation redundancy and coupling in transition mode of quad tilt rotor.The variations of the manipulation derivative are analyzed in the tilting process.Through the flight control simulation and flight test of the quad tilt-rotor,the validity of the control system and the rationality of the manipulation strategy are verified.

SDN Based Next Generation Mobile Network With Service Slicing and Trials

Software-Defined Network （SDN） empowers the evolution of Internet with the OpenFlow, Network Virtualization and Service Slicing strategies. With the fast increasing requirements of Mobile Internet services, the Internet and Mobile Networks go to the convergence. Mobile Networks can also get benefits from the SDN evolution to fulfill the 5th Generation （5G） capacity booming. The article implements SDN into Frameless Network Architecture （FNA） for 5G Mobile Network evolution with proposed Mobile-oriented OpenFlow Protocol （MOFP）. The Control Plane/User Plane （CP/UP） separation and adaptation strategy is proposed to support the User-Centric scenario in FNA. The traditional Base Station is separated with Central Processing Entity （CPE） and Antenna Element （AE） to perform the OpenFlow and Network Virtualization. The AEs are released as new resources for serving users. The mobile-oriented Service Slicing with different Quality of Service （QoS） classification is proposed and Resource Pooling based Virtualized Radio Resource Management （VRRM） is optimized for the Service Slicing strategy with resource-limited feature in Mobile Networks. The capacity gains are provided to show the merits of SDN based FNA. And the MiniNet based Trial Network with Service Slicing is implemented with experimental results.

Self-adaptive learning based immune algorithm

A self-adaptive learning based immune algorithm （SALIA） is proposed to tackle diverse optimization problems, such as complex multi-modal and ill-conditioned prc,blems with the high robustness. The SALIA algorithm adopted a mutation strategy pool which consists of four effective mutation strategies to generate new antibodies. A self-adaptive learning framework is implemented to select the mutation strategies by learning from their previous performances in generating promising solutions. Twenty-six state-of-the-art optimization problems with different characteristics, such as uni-modality, multi-modality, rotation, ill-condition, mis-scale and noise, are used to verify the validity of SALIA. Experimental results show that the novel algorithm SALIA achieves a higher universality and robustness than clonal selection algorithms （CLONALG）, and the mean error index of each test function in SALIA decreases by a factor of at least 1.0×10^7 in average.

BOLIN： Linguistic and Literary Journal

This article proposes a pedagogical strategy to develop proficiency in writing and comprehension in native and foreign languages. It is a pilot project which intends to explore, develop, build, collect, select, analyze, and prepare an action plan for that purpose. The strategy is being used at a Federal Institute in Brazil--IF Sudeste MG, Rio Pomba campus. The subjects involved in this process of investigation are students of two classes who attend their first year at High School integrated to technical courses. The methodology involves the use of a school journal as a teaching and learning resource to encourage literary reading and the production of different genres. The goal is to establish an interaction between the reading and writing mediated by a young and playful context offering an additional instrument for instruction, aimed at the use and reflection of the language.

Tracer Testing Strategies for Effective Design and Implementation of in Situ Groundwater Remediation

The effectiveness of an injection-based remediation strategy is primarily governed by accurate understanding of reagent delivery and ensuring uniform distribution within the reactive zone. In IRZ （in situ reactive zone） design, the required reagent strength, injection volumes, injection rates, injection frequency, injection and monitoring well spacing, and the cost and time to achieve remediation goals are governed by the hydrogeology of the site. A properly designed tracer test is capable of providing critical above mentioned site-specific information, to assist with full scale design of an IRZ. This paper describes that implementing tracer testing to support remedial design can result in enhanced design efficiency, added assurance in full-scale implementation and ultimately resulted in substantial cost savings. Therefore, it is recommended that the broader practitioner community adopt this technique as a best practice for effective and optimum in situ remediation system design.

Context Information and Fragments Based Cross-Domain Word Segmentation

A new joint decoding strategy that combines the character-based and word-based conditional random field model is proposed.In this segmentation framework,fragments are used to generate candidate Out-of-Vocabularies(OOVs).After the initial segmentation,the segmentation fragments are divided into two classes as "combination"(combining several fragments as an unknown word) and "segregation"(segregating to some words).So,more OOVs can be recalled.Moreover,for the characteristics of the cross-domain segmentation,context information is reasonably used to guide Chinese Word Segmentation(CWS).This method is proved to be effective through several experiments on the test data from Sighan Bakeoffs 2007 and Bakeoffs 2010.The rates of OOV recall obtain better performance and the overall segmentation performances achieve a good effect.

Sequential fault diagnosis strategy with imperfect tests considering life cycle cost

The problem of sequential fault diagnosis is to construct a diagnosis tree that can isolate the failure sources with minimal test cost. Pervious sequential fault diagnosis strategy generating algorithms only consider the execution cost at application stage, which may result in a solution with poor quality from the view of life cycle cost. Furthermore, due to the fact that uncertain information exists extensively in the real-world systems, the tests are always imperfect. In order to reduce the cost of fault diagnosis in the realistic systems, the sequential fault diagnosis problem with imperfect tests considering life cycle cost is presented and formulated in this work, which is an intractable NP-hard AND/OR decision tree construction problem. An algorithm based on AND/OR graph search is proposed to solve this problem. Heuristic search based on information theory is applied to generate the sub-tree in the algorithm. Some practical issues such as the method to improve the computational efficiency and the diagnosis strategy with multi-outcome tests are discussed. The algorithm is tested and compared with previous algorithms on the simulated systems with different scales and uncertainty. Application on a wheel momentum system of a spacecraft is studied in detail. Both the simulation and application results suggest that the cost of the diagnosis strategy can be reduced significantly by using the proposed algorithm, especially when the placement cost of the tests constitutes a large part of the total cost.

Nonlinear elastic-perfect plastic constitutive model of soil-structure interface under high stress

Briefly introduced the simple shear apparatus under high stress that was developed from RMT. A series simple shear tests under high stress show that the relationcurve between shear stress and tangential displacement under high normal stress is different from the hyperbolic curve in direct shear tests, and the complete deformation process of interface under high stress can be described as nonlinear elastic-perfect plastic(NEPP). According to some characteristics of the fitting curve, the deficiency of theNEPP was pointed out. The mathematic 'half value index' was used to illustrate thatWeibull distribution with three parameters (WNEPP) can overcome the mathematical deficiencies of the NEPP. The advantage of the WNEPP is that the fitting curve of WNEPPmore accurately coincided with the testing data was testified by further comparison.

A Study on Constructing Sense Relations

An empirical study is conducted to examine the effect of constructing sense relations in vocabulary teaching. Fifty subjects are divided into two groups： the controlled group which was taught with traditional method, and the experimental group to which sense relation strategy was applied in vocabulary instruction. At the end of the experiment instruction, a test （depth of vocabulary knowledge measure） was given to examine the teaching effects of the two vocabulary teaching strategies. The target words in the tests were selected from the word list that had been taught during the experiment time. A delayed vocabulary posttest was given to the subjects two weeks after examining the long-term retention effect. The third test was administered with different targets words which were selected from a different intensive reading material which wass new to the subjects. The experiment proves that constructing sense relations in vocabulary teaching could produce satisfactory results by enhancing students＇ lexical capacity and long-term retention.

Lower Intermediate Readers and Their Use of Cognitive and Metacognitive Strategies

Despite much research done on strategy, there still exist several questions unanswered. Not much research is done to examine lower intermediate English as a Foreign Language （EFL） learners＇ performance on the reading section of the First Certificate of English exam （FCER） in the post strategy instruction period. The results indicate that learners vary not only in terms of their performance on the FCER, hut also on the employed metacognitive strategy. Furthermore, metacognitive strategies are the only predictors that positively predict learners＇ performance in the FCER.

Constraints on Camel Meat and Milk Marketing and Strategies for Its Improvement in Northern Kenya

A survey to identify constraints and design strategies to improve the camel milk and meat value chains was conducted in northern Kenya using Participatory Integrated Community Development （PICD）, Focus Group Discussions （FGD）, among other methods. In a second step, field testing of an intervention on milk and meat hygiene was carried out at household level. Survey results indicated that about 50% of marketable camel milk was not sold, 30% of marketed camel milk per annum was sold in sour state at US$ 0.13 lower that the price of a litre of fresh milk while processed meat got spoiled along the chain. Annual economic losses associated with milk spoilage were estimated at US$ 961,538.5. Preliminary findings of the field testing indicated that an additional 3 million litres of camel milk was sold in fresh state, giving an annual saving of US$ 384,615.4. Increased profitability of up to 60% compared to 30% before the intervention was reported among nyirinyiri processors. In conclusion, economic potential of the camel could be fully exploited by facilitating adoption of interventions such as hygiene, among others at all levels of the camel milk and meat value chains.

An Empirical Study of Listening Comprehension Strategies in Autonomous Learning Environment

This is a report on an empirical study of listening comprehension strategies in autonomous learning environment which was conducted among the second-year non-English majors in Shandong University （Weihai） on the basis of O＇Malley and Chamot＇s theory of learning strategies, dating from September, 2010 to January, 2011. The study aims to verify the teachability of listening comprehension strategies, the enhancement of students＇ awareness of applying these strategies in their listening comprehension pratice and positive effects of listening comprehension strategies cast on students＇ listening comprehension proficiency. Questionnares on listening comprehension strategies were conducted at the beginning and at the end of the research respectively, in addition to the listening comprehension strategies training from the beginning to the end of the research. Besides, there was a interview arranged in the middle of the research. Meanwhile, there were two listening comprehension proficiency tests arranged at the beginning and at the end of the research. According to the results, it can be indicated that the students＇ strategy awareness can be promoted, while their listening proficiency also can be improved by the listening comprehension strategy training.