人工智能算法立法的理论逻辑及其规范构造

为进一步规制因人工智能算法技术推广引发的系列法律问题,当前亟须对算法技术进行体系性立法。在法理构造层面,应当将算法立法的属性归纳为社会规制,将算法立法的对象认定为算法应用行为,并将单独立法模式作为算法立法的基本模式。在立法逻辑层面,应当秉持“算法立法的主体逻辑、算法立法的风险预防逻辑、算法立法的场景化逻辑”的原则,对人工智能算法立法进行方向上的把握。具体到规范展开层面,应从“明确算法透明度及可解释性标准、建立从审查算法技术到严控算法应用的全流程合规机制、完善算法应用者的责任界定与问责机制”三个维度予以细化。

算法规制的立法论研究

继数据安全立法、个人信息保护立法之后,算法专项立法亟待得到推进。算法立法的权利设定具有独特性。算法领域的用户标签删除权与个人信息自决权中的删除权、算法解释权与个人信息保护法的知情同意权及解释说明权并不相同。算法专项立法的规制对象具有特殊性。针对算法匹配行为,建议清查算法应用中的用户标签设置;针对算法推荐行为,需要把握算法输出端口,设置算法分发影响评估义务;针对算法决策行为,算法应用人应当提供完整的算法决策输出项信息,并设置介入接口,区分公共领域与私人领域的算法决策、算法辅助决策行为与算法自主决策行为,制定并公开具体的算法决策规则;针对算法筛查行为,须着力解决筛查规则不明、监管缺位而导致的隐私信息泄露、二次致害等问题。算法立法须实现从“算法伦理”到“算法合规”准则设定的转变,未经低质识别,不得进行算法服务。通过算法服务勾选项、应用标签便捷删除、特定应用参数禁用、泛低质识别模块使用、筛查程序的自动转接等细化规定,推动算法规制的利益衡量、个案调和、价值平衡。

公共决策算法的程序规范--以立法性算法为例

立法性算法是有权机关依照一定程序使用的、能够对公民权利义务产生实质性影响的公共决策算法。与传统立法一样,立法性算法会改变社会资源的分配格局以及人们行为的活动空间,甚至能对公民的权利和义务产生实质性影响。但是,立法性算法所固有的技术性特征,规避了公众对立法性算法程序设计的参与和监督。一方面,构成立法性算法的人工语言与普通公众熟知的自然语言之间存在巨大鸿沟,普通公众因不具备人工语言相关基础知识,难以在算法程序设计中与之进行平等对话和有效沟通,从而使得作为民主性补充渠道的公众参与难以有效进行,进而可能引发监督失效、权责失衡的问题。另一方面,立法性算法会不自觉地嵌入设计者的个人偏好和价值判断,它并不能完全展现“技术中立”理想下的客观和真实,甚至还会出现偏差,从而可能引发算法寻租和算法滥用的问题。要克服立法性算法的缺陷,就要求算法程序的设计必须以透明度和问责制为主要原则,确保公众对立法性算法的充分参与和必要的权利救济途径。

立法性算法及其法律规制

在算法时代,法律领域正在经历一场深刻变革。新的公共治理和控制系统将从数据收集、传输和分析中产生,基于大数据驱动机器学习的算法治理模式符合社会管理的基本原则,并能够以更为有效的方式做出决策从而改善人们的生活。但是,受制于数据输入的主观性和偏见性以及系统自身的封闭性、不确定性和不可预测性,算法在提升公共治理效能和降低社会监管成本的同时,也会对传统法律秩序的合法性、公共性和民主性造成冲击。对此,需要明确立法性算法的合法性地位,强化对立法性算法的审查和风险评估,以及保障公众对算法程序的参与和监督权,在算法程序正式被应用到公共领域之前,行政人员还必须对算法程序应用的全过程进行监管,通过建立有效的可预测性和可解释性度量标准,使算法程序的设计和应用有章可循,并建立相应的算法问责制度和程序,以确保立法性算法的发展符合法定的公共性和合法性基本要求。

算法推荐与平台责任的立法完善研究

人工智能时代下,在以算法推荐为工具的平台经济发展如火如荼的同时,也为网络安全带来了新的挑战与风险。基于现实背景,算法推荐带来了侵犯用户隐私权、价格歧视与推荐机制异化等问题。纵观现有立法,宏观上存在相关立法较为分散、微观上存在避风港原则具有滞后性、算法黑箱这一固有障碍使得规制困难的问题。对此,应当整合完善单独立法、更新避风港原则、并以算法解释和披露制度破除算法黑箱,三位一体地完善算法推荐相关立法,将算法纳入法制轨道,维护网络安全。

算法正义构建的法律基础、困境及立法路径

近年来,算法决策的异化导致算法黑箱、算法歧视等算法失范现象频发,我国现行算法治理面临法律价值缺位、责任主体不明、监管效果不佳等困境。为治理算法乱象,加速我国产业“数智化”升级进程,应从法律层面对算法决策的异化进行规制,算法立法有助于构建逻辑性、完整性、系统性的数字法律制度体系,利于实现算法正义。算法正义根植于平等权、自由权、程序正义等法律基础,实现算法正义有利于推动实质公平正义。我国算法正义的立法构建需要确立算法公平正义原则,建立健全算法立法体系,最大限度促进算法的公开化、透明化;明确算法异化归责形式,对平台数据权力进行法律规制,构建相应的责任追究机制;设立动态算法监管机构,实现算法技术、社会规范、法律规范等层面的多元化的全过程监管。

“立法性”算法权力的兴起与法律规制

自动化行政促生法律代码化,并引发算法噬夺立法权现象。这表现为算法规则对法律规则的技术性修正、对实施性立法的替代、对上位立法的僭越以及对法律规则体系的整体性架空。算法对立法权的噬夺成就一项立法性算法权力。立法性算法权力的产生原因表明其具有技术层面的存在必要性,却并不必然具备法律面向的合理性。对立法性算法权力施加法律规制的必要性同时存在于技术层面和法律层面。在技术层面,这种必要性体现在立法性算法权力基于自身技术特性具有负外部性影响;在法律层面,这种必要性体现在立法性算法权力对依法行政原则、立法权分配格局产生根本动摇。对立法性算法权力进行法律规制,需要汲取当下算法规制的理论基础与制度实践,并结合立法性算法权力的自身特征,着眼于权力内容的实体限定与权力行使方式的程序限定。

网络消费领域算法滥用行为的法律规制

算法在网络消费领域的适用既能提高消费决策效率,又能降低消费活动成本,但算法滥用行为导致的侵害消费者权益现象也不容忽视。网络消费领域可能被不当使用算法主要为推荐型算法、限制型算法、评价型算法、定价型算法以及概率型算法,不同算法类型导致的侵害消费者权益现象不同。算法本身所具有的不透明、难解释的技术特征,法律制度供给不足以及监督管理机制不完善加剧了算法滥用行为的规制难度。应以促进算法公开,完善制度供给,创新算法监督管理机制为抓手,实现算法滥用行为的法律规制。

RESEARCH OF QUANTUM GENETIC ALGORITH AND ITS APPLICATION IN BLIND SOURCE SEPARATION

This letter proposes two algorithms: a novel Quantum Genetic Algorithm (QGA)based on the improvement of Han's Genetic Quantum Algorithm (GQA) and a new Blind Source Separation (BSS) method based on QGA and Independent Component Analysis (ICA). The simulation result shows that the efficiency of the new BSS method is obviously higher than that of the Conventional Genetic Algorithm (CGA).

Exact Two-Soliton Solutions for Discrete mKdV Equation

An exact two-soliton solution of discrete mKdv equation is derived by using the Hirota direct approach. In addition, we plot the soliton solutions to discuss the properties of solitons. It is worth while noting that we obtain the completely elastic interaction between the two solitons.

Darboux Transformations and Soliton Solutions for Classical Boussinesq-Burgers Equation

Two basic Darboux transformations of a spectral problem associated with a classical Boussinesq-Burgersequation are presented in this letter.They are used to generate new solutions of the classical Boussinesq-Burgersequation.

Active earth pressure acting on retaining wall considering anisotropic seepage effect

This paper presents a general solution for active earth pressure acting on a vertical retaining wall with a drainage system along the soil-structure interface. The backfill has a horizontal surface and is composed of cohesionless and fully saturated sand with anisotropic permeability along the vertical and horizontal directions. The extremely unfavourable seepage flow on the back of the retaining wall due to heavy rainfall or other causes will dramatically increase the active earth pressure acting on the retaining walls, increasing the probability of instability. In this paper, an analytical solution to the Laplace differential governing equation is presented for seepage problems considering anisotropic permeability based on Fourier series expansion method. A good correlation is observed between this and the seepage forces along a planar surface generated via finite element analysis. The active earth pressure is calculated using Coulomb's earth pressure theory based on the calculated pore water pressures. The obtained solutions can be degenerated into Coulomb's formula when no seepage exists in the backfill. A parametric study on the influence of the degree of anisotropy in seepage flow on the distribution of active earth pressure behind the wall is conducted by varying ratios of permeability coefficients in the vertical and horizontal directions,showing that anisotropic seepage flow has a prominent impact on active earth pressure distribution. Other factors such as effective internal friction angle of soils and soil/wall friction conditions are also considered.

Numerical and Experimental Study on Aerodynamic Performance of Small Axial Flow Fan with Splitter Blades

To improve the aerodynamic performance of small axial flow fan, in this paper the design of a small axial flow fan with splitter blades is studied. The RNG k-e turbulence model and SIMPLE algorithm were applied to the steady simulation calculation of the flow field, and its result was used as the initial field of the large eddy simulation to calculate the unsteady pressure field. The FW-H noise model was adopted to predict aerodynamic noise in the six monitoring points. Fast Fourier transform algorithm was applied to process the pressure signal. Experiment of noise testing was done to further investigate the aerodynamic noise of fans. And then the results obtained from the numerical simulation and experiment were described and analyzed. The results show that the static characteristics of small axial fan with splitter blades are similar with the prototype fan, and the static characteristics are improved within a certain range of flux. The power spectral density at the six monitoring points of small axial flow fan with splitter blades have decreased to some extent. The experimental results show sound pressure level of new fan has reduced in most frequency bands by comparing with prototype fan. The research results will provide a proof for parameter optimization and noise prediction of small axial flow fans with high performance.

Novel algorithm for complex bit reversal:employing vector permutation and branch reduction methods

We present novel vector permutation and branch reduction methods to minimize the number of execution cycles for bit reversal algorithms.The new methods are applied to single instruction multiple data(SIMD) parallel implementation of complex data floating-point fast Fourier transform(FFT).The number of operational clock cycles can be reduced by an average factor of 3.5 by using our vector permutation methods and by 1.1 by using our branch reduction methods,compared with conventional im-plementations.Experiments on MPC7448(a well-known SIMD reduced instruction set computing processor) demonstrate that our optimal bit-reversal algorithm consistently takes fewer than two cycles per element in complex array operations.