非正式治理的制度化运作:管区制与乡镇治理现代化的路径选择

管区作为一种非正式的组织设置,在乡镇与村级治理单元之间建构出实体性质的中间结构,具有低成本、非正式性和制度稳定性等特点,成为乡镇政权的延伸。管区设置虽然增加了乡镇内部的“委托—代理”层级,但通过行政体制上的形式化设置和实践中的非正式运作,具有了超越科层体制约束的优势,借助激励动员和组织重构实现了有效治理。管区借助乡镇内部人力资源的重新配置,在不变体制的情况下进行机制创新,实现了非正式治理的制度化运作,匹配了当前乡村社会转型和治理转型的需求,成为当前强国家治理背景下探索乡镇治理现代化的一条可行路径。

乡镇管区制:基层治理的简约机制及其生成逻辑——基于鲁西南T镇的个案研究

随着国家对基层治理体系建设逐步重视,管区作为基层治理的有效制度,重新受到关注。对鲁西南T镇的实证研究发现,管区是乡镇政府为应对资源衰减与事权扩增的制度环境所设置的非正式治理层级。管区在事务统合、组织架构、人事激励和村庄动员中的非正式运作是其实现简约治理的核心机制。党政制度优势、层级分流的人事结构及公私混合的行动伦理相互交叠,构成了乡镇管区治理简约有效的复合逻辑。

20世纪30年代警管区制在无锡的实践

江苏是全国最早推行警管区制的省份,而无锡又是江苏最早推行警管区制的地区之一。推行警管区制首先要处理好两大关键问题,一是警管区的划分,二是合格警察的选用。20世纪30年代无锡警管区制的实践虽然时间短,但成效已见。

“过渡型片区”体制:新时代乡村治理体制的新探索

乡村治理体制与基层社会的匹配程度深刻影响着基层治理效能。新中国成立以来,我国乡村治理体制经历了从管区制到社区制的历史变迁,每一种乡村治理体制都是国家与社会基于不同时代的发展要求对乡村治理具体实践的创新与发展。在现代国家治理的新阶段,“社区制”乡村治理体制承担着提供公共服务、激活自治活力、便于有效管理的价值功能。但在现实中乡村社会治理条件不一、治理任务复杂多样,统一的、固定化的乡村治理体制很难承载所有的治理事务。乡村治理体制的设置,必须考虑该体制需要承载的功能、社会发展阶段及社会基础条件的差异性等复杂因素。在新时代乡村治理体制的实践创新中,“过渡型片区”体制成为治理有效的重要形式。相较于原有的乡村治理体制,其在主体构成、权力配置、运行机制、价值功能等方面具有新的特点,能够满足当下乡村治理的基本要求,助力治理有效目标的实现。

Fabrication and Simulation of an AlGaAs/GaAs Ultra-Thin Base NDR HBT

A novel mesa ultra-thin base AlGaAs/GaAs HBT is designed and fabricated with wet chemical selective etch technique and monitor electrode technique. It has a particular and obvious voltage-controlled NDR whose PVCR is larger than 120. By use of device simulation,the cause of NDR is that increasing collector voltage makes the ultrathin base reach through and the device transforms from a bipolar state to a bulk barrier state. In addition, the simulated cutoff frequency is about 60-80GHz.

Abrupt Climate Changes of Holocene

This paper is a review of studies of abrupt climate changes(ACCs) during the Holocene published during the past ten years.North Atlantic cold events are indicators of ACCs.As indicated by North Atlantic ice-rafted debris(IRD),there were nine confirmed cold events during the Holocene,occurring at 11.1 kyr,10.3 kyr,9.4 kyr,8.1 kyr,5.9 kyr,4.2 kyr,2.8 kyr,1.4 kyr,and 0.4 kyr respectively according to most representative results from Bond et al.(1997).However,the identification of chronology has been made with some uncertainties.Considerable climatic proxy data have shown that,during the cold events,substantial climate abnormalities have occurred widely across the globe,particularly in the areas surrounding the North Atlantic.These abnormalities were in the form of high-latitude cold in the both hemispheres,expansion of the Westerlies to low latitudes,drought in the monsoon regions,recession of summer monsoons,and intensification of the winter monsoons.Studies have indicated that the four ACCs occurring in the early Holocene may be related to freshwater pulses from ice melting in the northern part of the North Atlantic,and the other five ACCs that occurred during the middle and late Holocene may be related to the decreased solar activity.

Recognition of Similar Weather Scenarios in Terminal Area Based on Contrastive Learning

In order to improve the recognition accuracy of similar weather scenarios(SWSs)in terminal area,a recognition model for SWS based on contrastive learning(SWS-CL)is proposed.Firstly,a data augmentation method is designed to improve the number and quality of weather scenarios samples according to the characteristics of convective weather images.Secondly,in the pre-trained recognition model of SWS-CL,a loss function is formulated to minimize the distance between the anchor and positive samples,and maximize the distance between the anchor and the negative samples in the latent space.Finally,the pre-trained SWS-CL model is fine-tuned with labeled samples to improve the recognition accuracy of SWS.The comparative experiments on the weather images of Guangzhou terminal area show that the proposed data augmentation method can effectively improve the quality of weather image dataset,and the proposed SWS-CL model can achieve satisfactory recognition accuracy.It is also verified that the fine-tuned SWS-CL model has obvious advantages in datasets with sparse labels.

FUZZY COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION MODEL OF ECOLOGICAL DEMONSTRATION AREA

Ecological demonstration area (EDA) is an authorized nomination, which should be assessed from several aspects, including ecological, social, environmental, economic ones and so on. It is difficult to advance an exact developing level index of EDA due to its indicator system’s complexity and disequilibrium. In this paper, a framework of indicators was set to evaluate, monitor and examine the comprehensive level of ecological demonstration area (EDA). Fuzzy logic method was used to develop the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model (FCEM), which could quantitatively reveal the developing degree of EDA. Huiji District of Zhengzhou, Henan Province, one of the 9th group of national EDAs, was taken as a study case. The framework of FCEM for the integrated system included six subsystems, which were social, economic, ecological, rural, urban and accessorial description ones. The research would be valuable in the comprehensive quantitative evaluation of EDA and would work as a guide in the construction practices of Huiji ecological demonstration area.

Feedback Control for Ecosystem Management:The Case of Wolf-Elk-Hunting Dynamics in the US Mountain West

The purpose of this paper is to explore the promise of utilizing some relatively new feedback control techniques in ecosystem management. First, we set forth a basic ecological-economic model of a predator-prey-hunting system in which both the predator and prey have use(flow) and non-use(stock) value and when the predator can inflict transboundary damages. We then use new data from the US Mountain West to show how a particular feedback approach—linear parameter-varying(LPV) control—can be utilized in this context. Our LPV model is able to quantify the cost of managing disturbances that inevitably arise as a manager tries to keep the actual path of the system "close" to its optimum. The results suggest management strategies in mountain ecosystems that feature large, mammalian carnivores.

从兵役管区到身份证:日本军国主义侵华之际南京国民政府的兵役应对——基于川省民国档案的考察

九一八事变之后,日本军国主义侵华的威胁催生了国民政府《兵役法》的颁行,国民政府开始试行兵役管区制度。七七事变之后,日本全面侵华,国统区大面积国土沦陷和人力资源的丧失,原有的师团管区建制彻底被打破,战前预想的系统化的秩序征兵难以有效施行。为确保役政机关对及龄壮丁的掌握和防范民众逃役,国民政府推行国民兵身份证制度配合兵役管区制度征兵。此则反映出国民政府原有的兵役管区制设想局限于战前既有统治区的考虑,一旦原有的基础不复存在,只能依靠碎片化的及龄壮丁身份登记和清查来应对,此种支绌局面直至抗战结束。

Comparative Analysis of Mitochondrial Control Region Sequence from Three Flatfish Species(Pleuronectidae)

The 5’-end of the mitochondrial control region sequences of three flatfishes (Pleuronectiformes: Pleuronectidae) were amplified and sequenced. These sequences were compared with those of other three Pleuronectids species retrieved from GenBank. A phylogenetic tree was constructed based on the partial control region sequences. The results of phyloge- netic analysis are consistent with those of conventional systematics. Compared to previous studies, the structure of the 5’-end of mitochondrial control region was analyzed. The terminal associated sequence motif and its complementary motif were i- dentified at the 5’-end of the sequences. A conserved sequence block, named as CM5’d, was identified in the 5’-end of con- trol region sequences in all Pleuronectids. Another central conserved sequence block, named as CSB-F, was detected in the central conserved blocks.

Role of NGOs in the National Significant Seismic Monitoring and Protection Regions

In this paper,we analyzed the One Foundations relief and reconstruction activities after the Yaan earthquake.The analysis shows that the participation of NGOs in disaster relief activities has undergone different stages.In the Jiujiang earthquake,NGOs participation was in the rudimentary stage.In the Wenchuan earthquake,they became one of the active participants.In the Yaan earthquake,they played an active role through a cooperation mechanism.That means NGOs have had the capability of resource mobilization and cooperation with them will improve disaster management capacities,especially in the national significant seismic monitoring and protection regions.

Effects of Alternative Nitrogen Management Regimes on Production of Eucalyptus in Tropics and Sub-tropics

This paper presents the effects of alternative nitrogen management regimes on production of Eucalyptus in tropics and sub-tropics carried out in autumn, 2011. The aim of the study was to review alternative nitrogen management regimes that could enhance the positive effects and reduce negative effects of different Eucalyptus species in the perspective of smallholders. Literature review was used to survey the alternative nitrogen management regimes on eucalyptus trees. There was a significant improvement （P ≤ 0.01） in mean annual increment （MAI） as measured at seven years of Eucalyptus tereticornis in the plots planted with only legume, pueraria and stylosanthes, compared to that of the control on altitude 150 m and rainfall of 2,000 mm at the age of seven years, The MAI of Eucalyptus urophylla and Eucalyptus camaldulensis in plots planted with beans and rice shows a significant improvement （P ≤ 0.05） over the control treatment. Only the plots treated with nitrogen fertilizer 550 kg/ha showed significant improvement （P ≤ 0.05） in terms of MAI of Eucalyptus nitens, compared to the control treatment. In general, it can be concluded that as these alternative management regimes enhance productivity of Eucalyptus woodlots, the challenge for the small-scale farmers is on how to manage them sustainably. Therefore, forest policies that take consideration of increasing production of Eucalyptus and managing biodiversity with reference to these alternative management regimes should be developed in tropics and sub-tropics.

The Role of the National Significant Seismic Monitoring and Protection Regions Institution:From the Perspective of the RiskSociety Theory

Earthquake disaster risk,as a typical social disaster risk,is one of the most important risks in modern Chinese society.This study gives definitions of the institution,describes the formation history,the connotations and development and analyzes its role in the control of major social risks caused by earthquakes.Finally,the paper presents recommendations for continuous improvement of this institution under the guidance of risk society theory,and for its application to the government reform and social governance.

From administering administrative divisions to regional public administration： a game analysis of evolution in the pattern of governance by the government

Regional public administration represents in essence an institutional change in the pattern of governance by the government, in that it breaks down the original institutional arrangements of the administration of administrative divisions and embarks on a new process of institutional evolution of the patterns of interest distribution in society. Present throughout this process is a game between different interests, leading to the final emergence of a new system - a new contractual setup resulting from the playing out of the relevant factors. These games take place mainly between the central and the local authorities and among the latter. Setting up a cooperative approach of ＂repeated gaming＂ when the game runs into possible difficulties, developing mechanisms conducive to better information exchange and to bilateral or multilateral consultation, further reshaping government functions by cutting the interest ties that link local authorities with socioeconomic entities, and strengthening the central authorities＇ macro-control functions are efficient guidance measures for setting up a system of regional public administration and realizing change in governance patterns.