社区管护区的基本含义和管理途径

探讨社区管护区的基本特点和现存问题,以期引起有关方面的关注,使其能更加健康地发展,并发挥更大的作用。

生物多样性管护区的基本含义及其在实施生态发展战略中的作用

生物多样性管护区是遵循生态发展战略的要求把肩负生物多样性就地保护的保护区与周边栽培地区有机结合的整体。它是区域生态发展的基本单元,在生态文明和社会主义新农村建设中占有重要的地位,需要接照共管保护区的要求,组织多方参与进行有效的管理。本文就拟简要地探讨一下它的形成、发展、管理体制和基本任务,并提出一些建议,供有关方面参考。

大兴安岭管护区经济发展的思考与对策研究

2014年4月1日,大兴安岭地区全面停止了商业性的木材采伐,“独木支撑”的产业链条出现了断代,这就迫切要求寻找接续型产业,在习近平总书记“绿水青山就是金山银山”这一生态发展理念的指引下,大兴安岭地区立足生态优势,着力培育优势特色产业,充分释放区域经济的潜力与活力。本文本着可持续发展的生态理念,深入分析了发展管护区经济存在的问题,探索了适合于林区发展的管护区经济产业化之路。

森林管护时空过程信息一体化管理的研究

从设计原则、总体目标、总体架构、需求分析、功能设计与描述等方面,具体描述了实现龙江森工森林管护时空过程信息一体化管理的实施方案,目的是为信息系统的开发与实现提供技术参考。

民勤县民昌路荒漠区林业鼠害调查及综合防治技术

通过调查武威市石羊河民昌南路干旱荒漠区荒漠植被主要林业有害生物发生情况,发现鼠害是毁坏林业资源的主要原因。通过进一步了解民昌路管护区梭梭生长主要鼠害及其发生危害情况,分析其发生特点和原因,并结合有效防治经验,对照比较分析,归纳并总结出鼠害相关综合防治技术,不但有助于保护荒漠区林木植被,而且在维护林业生态植被方面也有着重要的意义。

广东南岭保护区的基本特点和有效管理的展望

广东省南岭保护区是广东省面积最大的保护区,它由分散的分别属于3个县市管辖的5个部分组成,总面积58 368.4 ha;南岭保护区生物多样性和文化多样性丰富多彩。文章就如何开展有效管理提出以下建议:1)健全和完善保护区的建制;2)重视科研监测工作的建设;3)加强宣传教育和培训工作;4)充分发挥资源优势,发动社区共同建立新的生物多样性产业;5)注意生态旅游的发展。

新世纪保护区面临的挑战及其有效对策

道路、水库、建筑物、不断扩大的农田和土地退化正在使自然景观的完整性受到严重破坏。所保存的未经干扰或少受干扰的天然生态系统的面积日益缩小,犹如海洋中的孤岛。生物多样性受到严重的威胁。在自然保护区中,物种迁移和基因流动的可能性也在不断地降低。生物区域规划被认为是一种较好的选择,它力求把保护区和栽培地区视为一个有机整体,遵循保护和发展密切结合的方针,制定行动计划并予以实施。本文根据保护区的管理情况、工作条件和科研状况等,对保护区或区域的类型进行了划分,针对现实,提出了如何实施生物区域规划。

吉林省长白山保护区建设生物圈保护区试验示范的基本要点

指出了长白山保护区是我国建立最早的保护区之一,1960年建为保护区以后,做了大量有关自然保护的基本工作,取得了明显的成绩。基于此,提出了将其建设成为生物圈保护区试验示范和区域生态文明建设的基本单元。探讨了有关这方面的一些问题,并给出了相应的建议供有关方面参考。

河北衡水湖保护区的基本特点及其有效管理

衡水湖保护区为一片天然湿地,本文从保护、科研监测、教育培训、资源持续利用和生态旅游等方面对该自然保护区提出了一些建议,并探讨了建立统一管理机构、进行区域划分、贯彻生态系统管理及多渠道筹集资金等实施有效管理的问题。

Co-management: transformation of community affair model in Chinese nature reserves

This article analyzes the application of co-management in establishing and zoning nature reserves, explains two types of participatory models, explains the main content and steps required to implement a co-management program, and suggests future direction of co-management. In China, great progress has been achieved since 1956 when the first nature reserve was established. However, conflicts between nature reserve officials and community members, and differences be-tween conservation and utilization of natural resources suggest that the traditional community affair model is unfit to some de-gree. A more workable and economically sustainable model is recommended. Co-management appears to be the preferred management model. International conservation organizations have carried out projects in Chinese nature reserves in recent years, and co-management is thought to be an effective approach to resolve conflicts coming from community and to improve nature reserves management.

Coupling Relationship Analysis on Households′ Production Behaviors and Their Influencing Factors in Nature Reserves:A Structural Equation Model

A households′production behavior directly influences the quality of the environment and determines the successful development of nature reserves.Meanwhile,the households′production behaviors are complicated by interrelated factors,such as protection attitudes,resource endowment,and family wealth.This research evaluated households near the Crested Ibis National Nature Reserve in Shaanxi Province,acquiring data from 436 households around Yang County and Ningshan County in the south slope of Qinling Mountains,China.Based on the collected data,we developed a structural equation model to evaluate the coupling relationships among households′ protection attitudes,production behaviors,resource endowment,and family wealth.The results showed that:1) households with great resource endowment had more negative attitudes,probably due to their greater protection costs;2) the households with higher education levels had worse protection attitudes;3) the households with more family wealth were likely to use fewer fertilizers,pesticides,and firewood;4) the households with more resource endowment showed less production and management behaviors;5) the enhancement of households' attitudes improved production behaviors to protection the environment,but the effects were not statistically significant.Our results provide a basis for the government's protection policy making,exploring the effective management measures that are beneficial for both nature reserve management and community development.

Income and managing problems of the protected areas in China

In 2000, the authors collected a great quantity of relevant data by investigating more than 50 nature reserves. Based on the analysis of development and management situation of the protected areas in China, the main problems were put forward, such as, no unified management for income and managing activities, lack of special guideline and effective supervision, lack of income and investment, investing financial difference in different provinces. All these problems caused the lack of funds for construction, as well as the damage of resources and environment. Furthermore the conserving activities have to transmit to the profits in many protected areas. Combined with these problems, the primary solution programmers also were put forward.

The current status, threats and protection way of Sanjiang Plain wetland, Northeast China

The Sanjiang Plain is a vast area of alluvial floodplains and low hills in northeast Heilongjiang Province. It is the largest tract of wetlands in China and East Asia outside of Siberia. 28 wetland nature reserves exist on the Sanjiang Plain, and three of them have been listed as wetlands of international importance to water bird conservation by the Ramsar Convention Bureau. The wetlands of Sanjiang Plain are noteworthy for its rich biodiversity, but they continue to decline in area and deteriorate in quality currently. The main threats or constrains, immediate cause, root cause and required response are analyzed in this paper, and the four aspects opinion such as improvement of watershed management, enhancement of protection and restoration of habitats and biodiversity, alternative livelihoods of rural residents living in and near natural wetland reserve, and reinforcement of capacity building of natural reserves are brought forward as the effective measures for the Sanjiang Plain wetland protection.

Spatial Correlation and Ecological Characteristics Analysis of Man-agement Area for Biodiversity Conservation and Relevant Regionalization

Formulation of different ecological zone plans according to the corresponding protection targets and the necessity of proper conservation policy is one of the measures to achieve the goal of ecological conservation in China.In order to clarify the interrelation among key ecological zone plans,this paper carried out the research on spatial relation of priority areas of biodiversity conservation and three key ecological areas(key ecological function areas,key regions of ecological service function,national nature reserves)and the research on ecological conditions,based on multi-scale ecological spatial theme information,which incorporates elements like ecological quality and type,and by the aid of spatial information analysis and GIS modeling.The results showed a contrastively fine spatial consistency with 68.8%of priority areas of biodiversity conservation overlapping with three key ecological areas.Although the environment in priority areas of biodiversity conservation were in good conditions,protection pressure is also increasing,powerful supervision and protection should not be ignored.The environmental conditions in the overlapping areas,as a whole,were superior to those in the non-overlapping areas.Since two areas have different characteristics,targeted protection measures should be formulated based on this difference,which will be very important for biodiversity conservation in priority areas of biodiversity conservation.

A New Method in Urban Planning Based on GIS Technology——Conservation and Rehabilitation Analysis of Xijin Ferry District in Zhenjiang

In this paper, we identify the geographic information systems (GIS), discuss the components of GIS, which integrates five essential components: hardware, software, data, people, and methods. Present the relations between computer and urban planning, urban planning and GIS. Moreover, the main discussion on a case study that explores the possibility of using ArcView GIS software to assemble, store, manipulate, and analyze historic site- Xinjin ferry district in Zhenjiang.

Sharing and evaluation of a new community co-management model for protecting Crested Ibis:a case study of Crested Ibis National Nature Reserve,China

The Crested Ibis(Nipponia Nippon) is endemic to Qinling Mountains of China and was once abundant over vast areas of north-east of Asia habitat.During the 20th century,however,the population declined greatly in numbers.Habitat quality used to be the main threat to this species but recent actions by the government and wildlife protection organizations have brought this under control.With the establishment of Crested Ibis Nature Reserve in China,conflicts between socio-economic development and Crested Ibis conservation have become more acute.How do we deal with the relation between Crested Ibis conservation and community development? In this study,the Crested Ibis Nature Reserve co-management model namely "companies + farmers + Nature Reserve" model is proposed and evaluated with demonstration investigation methods,including continuous six-year fixed-site socio-economic development data of surrounding community,company sales revenue data and monitored data of Crested Ibis Nature Reserve.The results show that farmers' income and conservation awareness increased greatly from 2003 to 2008;company sales revenue has increased by about 20% annually in the recent years;management level has noticeably improved in Nature Reserve,the scope of Crested Ibis habitat has expanded 50 hm2;chemical composition of habitat reduced year after year;and the number of Crested Ibis had been growing annually.At the end,the success of the model is evaluated,and problems in implementation of the model are discussed from the following aspects:management system,co-management concept,economic base of partners,marketing mechanism,technical capacity and so on.

Correlation between the Diversity and Land Use in Cleared Grassland Areas in the Pannon Mountains

Nowadays, mowing has an increasing role in the management of semi-natural and nature conservation areas. Semi-dry grasslands have been planted on cleared areas of forest in the Pannon Mountains, which would be reclaimed by forest without use of the areas by humans. In our work we analysed cleared grasslands. The questions we tried to answer were which changes were caused by different land use, how favourable mowing can be for the purpose of grassland management and nature protection, do the composition of the plant species and the diversity vary within two years when conditions of precipitation are different. In four sampling areas, in 4 × 10 quadrats we registered the plant species and their cover values. We performed a site assessment in April, June and October, 2013-2014. We analysed the data by using cluster and ordination processes and we compared the sampling areas on the basis of the humidity preference and Shannon＇s index of diversity. According to the results, the composition of species and diversity on the analysed areas used for different purposes considerably deviate from each other. Further, we found a difference between two portions of the area whose had minor deviation in water management.

The Policies of Seismic Risk Management： Case of the Protected Areas of Dellys and Tenes Cities, Algeria

The greater part of urban heritage, especially of the medium and small Algerian cities, is subject to a major seismic risk. The probability of a happening earthquake is strong, and the territories vulnerability is great. Legislative procedures are implemented to support urban heritage and managing natural disasters. In fact, the PPSMVSS （permanent plan of safeguard and enhancement of saved sectors） as an instrument of protection, preservation and enhancement of this heritage, in its content, does not guide decision makers on how to manage the vulnerability of preserved areas from the earthquake. After the disaster of the earthquake that hit the Algerian Centre （wilaya of Boumerdes） in 2003. A legislative framework was created while other texts have been adapted. Emergency measures operations are launched to preserve the under threat monuments and protected areas. Saved sectors of Dellys, in the wilaya of Boumerdes and T6n^s in the wilaya of Chlef, are all the time subjected to seismic risk. This article presents a comparative study of two PPSMVSS, Dellys and T6n6s, and the management of the vulnerability of their two safeguarded areas. As a result of this study, some indicators were identified to allow the development of plans for the protection and management natural risks of these protected areas.

Analysis of Participatory Approach Applied in Creating a New Protected Area Anjozorobe Angavo

The political will in compliance with the Convention on Biological Diversity brings to the establishment of MSPA （Madagascar system of protected areas）. The aim is to conserve biodiversity, alleviate poverty and develop the country. Participation and involvement of local population in natural resources management, consultation with all sectors and responsibilization of regional and local authorities in protected areas management are all the basic principles of MSPA. The paper brought focus in the understanding of this participation of local actors （populations, local authorities） and in their interests to participate in the protected area management in Anjozorobe Angavo. The research has been conducted by doing investigations and meetings with local actors. A typology of participations had been done. It has been indeed noticed that the understanding was differentiated then motivations to participate were not always the environmental one. The populations＇ participation could be either by convenience, or for personal interest, or imposed participation, or conscious participation. But in order to reach the purpose of the protected areas sustainable management, the operator should admit that the participation in protected areas management is imposed naturally and should consider those differences in visions; at last, the approach should motivate local populations to participate consciously.

Defence force activities in marine protected areas:environmental management of Shoalwater Bay Training Area,Queensland,Australia

Environmental management of military activities is of growing global concern by defence forces. As one of the largest landholders in Australia, the Australian Defence Force （ADF） is increasingly concerned with sustainable environmental management. This paper focuses on how the ADF is maintaining effective environmental management, especially in environmentally sensitive marine protected areas. It uses Shoalwater Bay Training Area （SWBTA） as a research example to examine environmental management strategies conducted by the ADF. SWBTA is one of the most significant Defence training areas in Australia, with a large number of single, joint and combined military exercises conducted in the area. With its maritime component contained in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park （GBRMP）, the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area （GBRWHA）, and abutting Queensland＇s State Marine Parks, it has high protection values. It is therefore vital for the ADF to adopt environmentally responsible management while they are conducting military activities. As to various tools employed to manage environmental performance, the ISO 14001 Environmental Management System （EMS） is widely used by the ADE This paper exanlines military activities and marine environmental management within SWBTA, using the Talisman Saber （TS） exercise series as an example. These are extensive joint exercises conducted by the ADF and the United States defence forces. The paper outlines relevant legislative framework and environmental policies, analyses how the EMS operates in environmental management of military activities, and how military activities comply with these regulations. It discusses the implementation of the ADF EMS, including risk reduction measures, environmental awareness training, consultation and communication with stakeholders. A number of environmental management actions used in the TS exercises are presented to demonstrate the EMS application. Our investigations to this point indicate that the ADF is complying with all relevant legislation and policies. Further research is required to confirm compliance and conclude that military activities have good accord with environmental management objectives.