This study evaluates the extent to which primary schools in a region of New Zealand are challenged by limited funds to enable the effective management and performance of their school. The study involved interviews wit...This study evaluates the extent to which primary schools in a region of New Zealand are challenged by limited funds to enable the effective management and performance of their school. The study involved interviews with school principals and analysis of their schools＇ financial statements. The aim of this project is to gain a current understanding of the issues and challenges facing primary schools in a defined region （Waikato） to see whether the trends identified in national research studies, confirms the problem that schools are underfunded. The results of the current study identified the issues experienced by the Waikato schools and in most cases supported previous research findings. The findings of the current study also suggest that schools share the dilemmas associated with limited government funding and rely significantly on local funding sources to achieve their basic objectives. Although schools may be effective in the management of their school objectives, there is more government funding required to relieve the pressures and challenges.展开更多
In the Uplands of Southeast Asia, poor and near-poor farm households endure considerable livelihood vulnerability. Access to formal insurance services is scarce. Rural farm households in mountainous Northern Vietnam h...In the Uplands of Southeast Asia, poor and near-poor farm households endure considerable livelihood vulnerability. Access to formal insurance services is scarce. Rural farm households in mountainous Northern Vietnam have developed alternative risk management strategies. This article investigates the theoretical links between poverty, vulnerability and risk. The concept of vulnerability to poverty lays the analytical framework. Based on empirical evidence from more than 200 ethnic minority households, major risks and risk management strategies are presented and analyzed. Results suggest that households suffer from limited endowment with and access to capital assets and service institutions. Human and economic risks （e.g. illness of family members and loss of livestock） were identified as the main components affecting rural livelihoods. Constrained access to adequate risk management strategies increase household＇s vulnerability, drowning them more and more in poverty. Major policy implications are that anti-poverty programs should focus on a broader target group, the currently poor as well as the vulnerable households.展开更多
Since the 1980s, a whole class of economic capable persons has emerged along with China＇s rural economic development. This class actively participates in grassroots politics and even leads local village governance, c...Since the 1980s, a whole class of economic capable persons has emerged along with China＇s rural economic development. This class actively participates in grassroots politics and even leads local village governance, creating a unique, novel pattern of village governance in China. This pattern has far-reaching implications for the use of power in China＇s villages and for the management of grassroots communities. First, it represents democracy-based authoritarian politics （democracy-authority politics） and a transition away from traditional rural village ＂squireship＂ governance. Second, governance by economic capable persons surpasses the unitary, centralized People＇s Commune governance, replacing it with a pluralistic model that utilizes grass-roots community management. Third, the self-governing pattern that is emerging, wherein the general public participates in a government that is dominated by an economic capable persons, demonstrates a modification of ideal villager self-governance and also a pragmatic invention based on local political realities. In the long run, this new class emergence has the potential to evolve into a new type of localized politics; with further economic differentiation in rural areas, village governance will become increasingly diversified, where governing by capable persons will be just one feasible option. This pattern is already becoming common in many rural areas, especially those where the nonagricultural economy is relatively developed展开更多
Pig production is becoming increasingly important in Mbozi and Mbeya rural districts to characterise smallholder pig Eastern Africa in recent years. Two studies were carried out in production systems and associated pi...Pig production is becoming increasingly important in Mbozi and Mbeya rural districts to characterise smallholder pig Eastern Africa in recent years. Two studies were carried out in production systems and associated pig management practises. A participatory rural appraisal （PRA）, involving 279 pigs-keeping households in nine villages and a cross sectional survey using a random sample of 300 pig farmers in 30 villages of the study districts, were used to collect data. Important economic activities were crop farming, livestock keeping, petty business, casual labour and artisan works in that order. The mean farm size and number of pigs per household was 2 ± 2.7 ha and 4.9 ±4.2 pigs, respectively. The largest categories of pig herd structure were breeding females followed by piglets. Age, marital status, household size and land size of household head had significant influence on the pig herd size （P 〈 0.05）. Pig farmers practised three main types of pig management systems, namely, total confinement, semi confinement and free range/herding. Each system had specific management practices in relation to feeding and housing. The frequencies of these systems varied significantly （P 〈 0.01） by socio-economic factors, such as, educational status of household head, land size and herd sizes of pigs, goats and cattle. The authors recommend effective use of locally available resources and careful consideration of existing farming systems for sustainable development of smallholder pig production.展开更多
In order to address the plight of rural financing, the 2007 China Banking Regulatory Commission, China＇s State Council started rural banks in provinces, towns and villages. There are so many problems faced by rural b...In order to address the plight of rural financing, the 2007 China Banking Regulatory Commission, China＇s State Council started rural banks in provinces, towns and villages. There are so many problems faced by rural banks. The most pressing issue is the sustainability of targeting deviate due to restraints, shortage of funds, and loan risks. In order to effectively address these issues, this paper presents some solutions展开更多
This paper presents the importance of the development of Serbian rural regions, and analyzes their marketing management potentials. Thus the paper aims to examine rural tourism and hunting tourism in particular in ord...This paper presents the importance of the development of Serbian rural regions, and analyzes their marketing management potentials. Thus the paper aims to examine rural tourism and hunting tourism in particular in order to evaluate their development as a lucrative type of investment, while considering the including promotional activities. Certain disadvantages and problems that Serbian hunting tourism has been facing as well as the directions for their solution are addressed in the paper.展开更多
In China, the country with a large population, the number of rural residents still occupies a considerable proportion. With the development of the country, reducing the living standards of the gap between urban and ru...In China, the country with a large population, the number of rural residents still occupies a considerable proportion. With the development of the country, reducing the living standards of the gap between urban and rural areas as soon as possible, to be able to realize urban and rural integration, a new rural community management is a very good choice. In this paper, the research aims to Tsingtao li stone community the brief analysis of the present situation of community management, research on the current situation of community management problems, and put forward the community management services to long-term healthy development of the constructive Suggestions and countermeasures.展开更多
Water scarcity is a major problem for Namibia and South Africa as both countries are classified as ＂water stressed＂, based on their per capita water availability which is below the threshold of 1,000-1,666 ma-person...Water scarcity is a major problem for Namibia and South Africa as both countries are classified as ＂water stressed＂, based on their per capita water availability which is below the threshold of 1,000-1,666 ma-person^-1.year^-1. Water provision in both countries has traditionally relied on supply-side sources, and the potential for expansion is becoming dim, making efforts towards demand management approaches more feasible. Findings show that CBM （community based management） systems of water points offer an alternative in terms of ownership and self-reliance based on institutional arrangements at community level. However, the CBM system involves some forms of payment for water access, and affordability has become a main challenge, to the extent that some governments are considering the reintroduction of water subsidies for poor rural communities in the near future.展开更多
Community radio can be considered as an appropriate media of developing the knowledge and attitudes of listeners by clearly identifying their ideas. Community radio services aid to motivate the community participation...Community radio can be considered as an appropriate media of developing the knowledge and attitudes of listeners by clearly identifying their ideas. Community radio services aid to motivate the community participation in communication successfully, as well as to strength the cultural rights of community. It is a current necessity to use community radio services in the process of obtaining successful results through the currently activated developing projects in Sri Lanka. Many countries in the world use this system to succeed their development projects. In this background, there is a necessity to explore the developmental competencies of community radio in Sri Lanka. Community interests for restarting the community radio in Kothmale, Mahaelluppallama and Giradurukotte were identified by the field research. This research proposes a noval format to restarting and continuous implementation of community radio in Sri Lanka, with the factors revealed in the survey. This project is activated under several steps as a collaborative project of Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation （SLBC）, the Department of Mass Communication, University of Kelaniya and the community. Proposed community radio will be controlled by a co-administrative system of University of Kelaniya and community. Technical support and frequency will be taken from Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corperation. The content of programs for community radio will be selected by University of Kelaniya and the community. Financial support will be given by the University of Kalaniya for a period of one year. After that, community radio should get the responsibility for its sustainability. Funds will be obtained through various departmental projects, public services, state and non-governmental organization. Those organizations don＇t have a media to implement programs which focuses on rural development. This new radio format could be used for that purpose. This model named as Campus Community Radio （CCR）. It is important to discuss the restarting of community radio services in Sri Lanka, based on the facts such as the incapability of supplying the necessities of listeners in a background of hypermedia. In addition, failure of identifying the developmental expectations of listeners for the radio services in a national level and the usage of community radio services by many countries in the world such as Philippines and India for the success of their rural projects.展开更多
This paper reports a generation and composition analysis of household solid waste in Mexico, using as a reference the characterization study performed in two communities, one urban and one rural. Data obtained are fun...This paper reports a generation and composition analysis of household solid waste in Mexico, using as a reference the characterization study performed in two communities, one urban and one rural. Data obtained are fundamental parameters for the planning of urban solid waste management systems in Mexico, complying this way with the established policy in the National Program for Waste Management and Prevention 2009-2012. The study was carried out during five days and two main parameters were assessed： （1） the daily generation rate per person and （2） the waste composition. The per capita waste generation was 0.958 kg for the urban community and 0.631 kg for the rural. The results showed that the mean composition of waste from both locations was statistically similar （a = 0.05）. In both locations the most important contribution was the fraction of food waste. In both locations more than 60% of the waste is potentially recyclable. The results of this study will be used by the municipal waste authorities in order to establish an integrated waste management plan.展开更多
Setting reliable speed limits on roads has always been a challenging process of designers and road agencies. In this paper the results of a methodology for setting speed limits on rural roads of all categories in Gree...Setting reliable speed limits on roads has always been a challenging process of designers and road agencies. In this paper the results of a methodology for setting speed limits on rural roads of all categories in Greece is presented based on international research and an extensive drivers attitudes＇ survey. The 85th percentile speed has proven in this case to be the decisive criterion for establishing reliable speed limits or advisory speeds in most cases. The resulted 10 km/la increase in legal speed limits on freeways and express rural highways did not validate any fears that accident rates or frequencies would increase. On the contrary an 8% decrease of crashes was observed in a period of about three years after the implementation of the increased speed limits level on the rural highway network of the country.展开更多
We describe a specific approach to capacity man a ge ment for distribution grids. Based on simulations, it has been found that by curtailing a maximum of 5% of the yearly energy production on a per-generator basis, di...We describe a specific approach to capacity man a ge ment for distribution grids. Based on simulations, it has been found that by curtailing a maximum of 5% of the yearly energy production on a per-generator basis, distribution grid connection capacity can be doubled. We also present the setting and fi rst results of a fi eld test for validating the approach in a rural distribution grid in northern Germany.展开更多
文摘This study evaluates the extent to which primary schools in a region of New Zealand are challenged by limited funds to enable the effective management and performance of their school. The study involved interviews with school principals and analysis of their schools＇ financial statements. The aim of this project is to gain a current understanding of the issues and challenges facing primary schools in a defined region （Waikato） to see whether the trends identified in national research studies, confirms the problem that schools are underfunded. The results of the current study identified the issues experienced by the Waikato schools and in most cases supported previous research findings. The findings of the current study also suggest that schools share the dilemmas associated with limited government funding and rely significantly on local funding sources to achieve their basic objectives. Although schools may be effective in the management of their school objectives, there is more government funding required to relieve the pressures and challenges.
文摘In the Uplands of Southeast Asia, poor and near-poor farm households endure considerable livelihood vulnerability. Access to formal insurance services is scarce. Rural farm households in mountainous Northern Vietnam have developed alternative risk management strategies. This article investigates the theoretical links between poverty, vulnerability and risk. The concept of vulnerability to poverty lays the analytical framework. Based on empirical evidence from more than 200 ethnic minority households, major risks and risk management strategies are presented and analyzed. Results suggest that households suffer from limited endowment with and access to capital assets and service institutions. Human and economic risks （e.g. illness of family members and loss of livestock） were identified as the main components affecting rural livelihoods. Constrained access to adequate risk management strategies increase household＇s vulnerability, drowning them more and more in poverty. Major policy implications are that anti-poverty programs should focus on a broader target group, the currently poor as well as the vulnerable households.
文摘Since the 1980s, a whole class of economic capable persons has emerged along with China＇s rural economic development. This class actively participates in grassroots politics and even leads local village governance, creating a unique, novel pattern of village governance in China. This pattern has far-reaching implications for the use of power in China＇s villages and for the management of grassroots communities. First, it represents democracy-based authoritarian politics （democracy-authority politics） and a transition away from traditional rural village ＂squireship＂ governance. Second, governance by economic capable persons surpasses the unitary, centralized People＇s Commune governance, replacing it with a pluralistic model that utilizes grass-roots community management. Third, the self-governing pattern that is emerging, wherein the general public participates in a government that is dominated by an economic capable persons, demonstrates a modification of ideal villager self-governance and also a pragmatic invention based on local political realities. In the long run, this new class emergence has the potential to evolve into a new type of localized politics; with further economic differentiation in rural areas, village governance will become increasingly diversified, where governing by capable persons will be just one feasible option. This pattern is already becoming common in many rural areas, especially those where the nonagricultural economy is relatively developed
文摘Pig production is becoming increasingly important in Mbozi and Mbeya rural districts to characterise smallholder pig Eastern Africa in recent years. Two studies were carried out in production systems and associated pig management practises. A participatory rural appraisal （PRA）, involving 279 pigs-keeping households in nine villages and a cross sectional survey using a random sample of 300 pig farmers in 30 villages of the study districts, were used to collect data. Important economic activities were crop farming, livestock keeping, petty business, casual labour and artisan works in that order. The mean farm size and number of pigs per household was 2 ± 2.7 ha and 4.9 ±4.2 pigs, respectively. The largest categories of pig herd structure were breeding females followed by piglets. Age, marital status, household size and land size of household head had significant influence on the pig herd size （P 〈 0.05）. Pig farmers practised three main types of pig management systems, namely, total confinement, semi confinement and free range/herding. Each system had specific management practices in relation to feeding and housing. The frequencies of these systems varied significantly （P 〈 0.01） by socio-economic factors, such as, educational status of household head, land size and herd sizes of pigs, goats and cattle. The authors recommend effective use of locally available resources and careful consideration of existing farming systems for sustainable development of smallholder pig production.
文摘In order to address the plight of rural financing, the 2007 China Banking Regulatory Commission, China＇s State Council started rural banks in provinces, towns and villages. There are so many problems faced by rural banks. The most pressing issue is the sustainability of targeting deviate due to restraints, shortage of funds, and loan risks. In order to effectively address these issues, this paper presents some solutions
文摘This paper presents the importance of the development of Serbian rural regions, and analyzes their marketing management potentials. Thus the paper aims to examine rural tourism and hunting tourism in particular in order to evaluate their development as a lucrative type of investment, while considering the including promotional activities. Certain disadvantages and problems that Serbian hunting tourism has been facing as well as the directions for their solution are addressed in the paper.
文摘In China, the country with a large population, the number of rural residents still occupies a considerable proportion. With the development of the country, reducing the living standards of the gap between urban and rural areas as soon as possible, to be able to realize urban and rural integration, a new rural community management is a very good choice. In this paper, the research aims to Tsingtao li stone community the brief analysis of the present situation of community management, research on the current situation of community management problems, and put forward the community management services to long-term healthy development of the constructive Suggestions and countermeasures.
文摘Water scarcity is a major problem for Namibia and South Africa as both countries are classified as ＂water stressed＂, based on their per capita water availability which is below the threshold of 1,000-1,666 ma-person^-1.year^-1. Water provision in both countries has traditionally relied on supply-side sources, and the potential for expansion is becoming dim, making efforts towards demand management approaches more feasible. Findings show that CBM （community based management） systems of water points offer an alternative in terms of ownership and self-reliance based on institutional arrangements at community level. However, the CBM system involves some forms of payment for water access, and affordability has become a main challenge, to the extent that some governments are considering the reintroduction of water subsidies for poor rural communities in the near future.
文摘Community radio can be considered as an appropriate media of developing the knowledge and attitudes of listeners by clearly identifying their ideas. Community radio services aid to motivate the community participation in communication successfully, as well as to strength the cultural rights of community. It is a current necessity to use community radio services in the process of obtaining successful results through the currently activated developing projects in Sri Lanka. Many countries in the world use this system to succeed their development projects. In this background, there is a necessity to explore the developmental competencies of community radio in Sri Lanka. Community interests for restarting the community radio in Kothmale, Mahaelluppallama and Giradurukotte were identified by the field research. This research proposes a noval format to restarting and continuous implementation of community radio in Sri Lanka, with the factors revealed in the survey. This project is activated under several steps as a collaborative project of Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation （SLBC）, the Department of Mass Communication, University of Kelaniya and the community. Proposed community radio will be controlled by a co-administrative system of University of Kelaniya and community. Technical support and frequency will be taken from Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corperation. The content of programs for community radio will be selected by University of Kelaniya and the community. Financial support will be given by the University of Kalaniya for a period of one year. After that, community radio should get the responsibility for its sustainability. Funds will be obtained through various departmental projects, public services, state and non-governmental organization. Those organizations don＇t have a media to implement programs which focuses on rural development. This new radio format could be used for that purpose. This model named as Campus Community Radio （CCR）. It is important to discuss the restarting of community radio services in Sri Lanka, based on the facts such as the incapability of supplying the necessities of listeners in a background of hypermedia. In addition, failure of identifying the developmental expectations of listeners for the radio services in a national level and the usage of community radio services by many countries in the world such as Philippines and India for the success of their rural projects.
文摘This paper reports a generation and composition analysis of household solid waste in Mexico, using as a reference the characterization study performed in two communities, one urban and one rural. Data obtained are fundamental parameters for the planning of urban solid waste management systems in Mexico, complying this way with the established policy in the National Program for Waste Management and Prevention 2009-2012. The study was carried out during five days and two main parameters were assessed： （1） the daily generation rate per person and （2） the waste composition. The per capita waste generation was 0.958 kg for the urban community and 0.631 kg for the rural. The results showed that the mean composition of waste from both locations was statistically similar （a = 0.05）. In both locations the most important contribution was the fraction of food waste. In both locations more than 60% of the waste is potentially recyclable. The results of this study will be used by the municipal waste authorities in order to establish an integrated waste management plan.
文摘Setting reliable speed limits on roads has always been a challenging process of designers and road agencies. In this paper the results of a methodology for setting speed limits on rural roads of all categories in Greece is presented based on international research and an extensive drivers attitudes＇ survey. The 85th percentile speed has proven in this case to be the decisive criterion for establishing reliable speed limits or advisory speeds in most cases. The resulted 10 km/la increase in legal speed limits on freeways and express rural highways did not validate any fears that accident rates or frequencies would increase. On the contrary an 8% decrease of crashes was observed in a period of about three years after the implementation of the increased speed limits level on the rural highway network of the country.
文摘We describe a specific approach to capacity man a ge ment for distribution grids. Based on simulations, it has been found that by curtailing a maximum of 5% of the yearly energy production on a per-generator basis, distribution grid connection capacity can be doubled. We also present the setting and fi rst results of a fi eld test for validating the approach in a rural distribution grid in northern Germany.
