蒙元籍户、括户原因初探

蒙元统治者在占领中原及其整个中国的过程中,先后进行了四次大的人口统计:"乙未括户"(公元1235年)、"壬子括户"(公元1252年)、至元七年(公元1270年)、至元二十七年(公元1290年)。在四次大的括户中,有些地区也进行了局部的户口检核。蒙元统治者为什么这么急切探知中国的人口数量,这是需要探讨的重要问题。

国家社科基金重大招标项目——文物考古所见西藏与中原关系 籍户设驿——元初治藏有序推进

我们知道,元初在中央政府和地方政教首领的共同合作与努力之下,西藏地方成功纳入中央王朝的管辖。为实现对西藏地区的有效管理,元朝中央政府必然要采取相应措施,对这一问题的研究,过去多围绕汉藏文献史籍的视角展开。实际上,在中国内地与西藏的寺庙和博物馆内,保存着许多与元朝在藏地施政有关的珍贵文物材料,包括牌符、文书、法旨等,它们对于研究以上历史问题,具有文献材料所无法比拟的直观与客观的特征。在西藏博物馆、

出土秦汉户籍简的类别及登记内容的演变

里耶户籍简的著录沿袭的是秦献公创制户籍制度以来的旧制,登记内容并不包括年龄、财产之类的内容。秦王政十六年(前231)"初令男子书年"以后,男子以及家口的年龄始书于户籍以外的"年籍",即张家山汉简《户律》的"年细籍"。汉初的"户籍"可分为广义的户籍(包括宅园户籍、年细籍、田比地籍、田命籍、田租籍)和狭义的户籍(宅园户籍)两大类。其中,"宅园户籍"登录的内容包括户主及家庭人口、奴婢以及房屋、家畜等,但不包括田地,属于家口与财产的合籍。秦及汉初国家在乡里设置平行的两套管理机构乡部和田部,这是造成户籍类别繁复的原因之一。汉武帝以后,乡里职事从简,田部省置,宅园户籍与年细籍合并,户籍开始作为一个整词应用,即狭义上的户籍。

民以籍定:明代的儒籍及其民籍化

明代儒户来源复杂,主要由元代遗留儒户、明初业儒者、皇帝赐籍、先贤后裔四部分组成。儒户是一种身份性户籍,依来源的不同而享有不同的经济地位,而业儒是儒户的本业。正统以后,儒籍民籍化已是大势所趋,并逐步成为民籍的二级户籍。至明末,儒籍又出现了新动向,四氏贤裔和至圣裔籍出现,成为儒籍的二级户籍。就四氏贤裔、至圣裔籍与民籍、儒籍的关系来看,明代户籍结构显然是层级的,而不是平行的。明代儒籍的分化演变,是在户籍制度变迁的大背景下完成的。

Migration Laws of Floating Population in Mianyang

Based on the overall analysis of the floating population among big and medium-sized cities in China,this paper, by means of statistics and questionnaires, makes a systematical study on the migratory features of the floating population in Mianyang, its employment structure, migrating causes and channels. According to the findings, the author finds a fact that with the strategy of Western Development, and with the construction of science and technology city of Mianyang, the migrating in Mianyang conforms to the general patterns of the migration, which has happened in those big and medium-sized cities in China.In addition,the city has a new but unique feature — economic factor, as the driving force of population migration, is quite distinct from that of those citiesin eastern areas of China.

Study on the Rual Migrant Workers＇ Willingness to Have Urban Hukou and the Choice of Urbanization Path of China in Recent Years

Based on the empirically analysis of the data from a nationwide survey in 2010 in China, the study found. （1） The overwhelming majority of rural migrant workers in China were not willing to convert their rural household registration （nongye hukou） to an urban or non-rural registration Orei nong hukou）. If they were required to return the rural land contract rights as precondition, only lOper cent were willing to be urban citizens. （2） For the small proportion of migrant workers who were willing to convert their rural household registration to urban household registration, ＇obtaining access to better education and more opportunities for the continuation of education for their children＇ is the major incentive. （3） The primary reason for retaining a rural hukou, on the other hand, is to keep their rural contract land. （4） Finally, there is no significant difference between the rural migrant workers who were born before 1980 and those after 1980, in term of the attitude toward converting rural hukou to urban hukou. The policy recommendations drew from the findings are as follows： 1） In order to promote the urbanization process, the government should choose the path of ＇urbanization based on the long term residence in the towns and cities＇ instead of the path of ＂urbanization based on household registration ＇. 2） The rural migrant workers should be converted into urban citizens without being forced to give up their contact land. 3） The government should give equal weight in policy making to the migrant workers born before 1980 and those born after 1980. Therefore, the policy emphasis of deepening the urbanization of China should focus on the ＇equalization of the resource allocation of the public services and social welfare＂ while the characteristics of the separation of the household registration system should not be strengthened any longer.

The Study of Legal Property of Household Registration System in Our Country

From ＂the case that three girls have some fate but have different value＂ to ＂the case that Hai Cheng took a police substation to court with three times＂, currently the household registration system of our country not only plays the role of account registration and account management, but also undertakes the limitation of migration movement, and for the additional functions of the lowest life guarantee, social insurance, compulsory education, employment and other social security benefits, it also makes a difference between local registered permanent residence habitant and nonlocal registered permanent residence habitant. Just because of these additional functions, the household registration system has become complicated, which originally has clear nature. Therefore, only it is necessary to define the legal nature of our country＇s current household registration system, can executive power be supervised and the rights of citizens get relief.

The analysis of migrant workers social security

National development proved that the transfer of rural surplus labor force to towns is a common phenomenon of industrialization and urbanization with the system, and the generation of migrant workers is the based on dual household registration management system in China＇s social management system under the special groups. For a long time, the edge of the migrant workers living in the city, become second-class citizens of the city, not only discrimination in employment and all aspects of life, but also lack in social rights, the main performance is the lack of social security. In urban employment for the urban prosperity, the economic development of hard work,added some job vacancy city, become a indispensable workforce urban construction and development, however, cannot and town worker also enjoy social security, this not only is the embodiment of the social injustice, the long down will also hinder the development of economy,and even threaten social stability. Therefore, the problem of social security of peasant workers should and we should pay more attention to the problem.

Breakthrough and New Projects for Reform of Household Registration System

Under the comprehensive deepening reform and promoting new urbanization,China launched a new round of reform of household registration system.Reform has a major breakthrough in five areas:to implement new urbanization strategy of human-centric,to achieve equalization of basic public services gradually,to break up land rights and rural migrants,to provide protection for family migrants,and to increase financial support by governments.But the reform still faces many difficulties,how to determine the conditions settled by city size is difficult to implement effectively,financial transfer payment system reform is facing enormous diffi culties,as well as the size of the urban population is diffi cult to determine etc.

The Impact of Rural Electricity Supplier on Resettlement of Rural Surplus Labor Force and the Route Optimization

Based on the perspective of electricity supplier on the issues of Rural Surplus Labor resettlement, we analyzed China＇s rural electricity supplier development and resettlement of rural surplus labor issues and factors, proposed the impact of sluggish development of rural electricity suppliers on their resettlement of the rural surplus labor force, and made the following suggestions： to develop township enterprises, to strengthen the construction of small towns, to settlement surplus labor force on the post, to transfer the surplus labor, to increase farmers＇ income; to eliminate the urban-rural dual structure, to implement loose household registration management system, to increase education level, to improve the quality of farmers, to provide information and improve guidance to change disorderly transfer to the orderly transfer.

Does hukou still matter？ The household registration system and its impact on social stratification and mobility in China

The household registration system has been a basic institutional arrangement in Chinese society. Under this system, registered residence （hukou） plays an important role in resource allocation and interest distribution, and thus exerts a significant impact on social stratification and mobility. After nearly three decades of reform and opening up, does it still play a role, and, if so, what is this role？ Drawing on data from the China General Social Survey, we find that China＇s social stratification is characterized by the simultaneous existence of differentiation between urban and rural hukou and hierarchy within urban hukou; furthermore, there is a positive correlation between one＇s opportunities for social mobility and the possibility of changing and transferring one＇s hukou. Despite the increasing social mobility ensuing from market-oriented transformation, the hukou hierarchy and its structural influence on mobility within the institutional framework persist. The strongly conglutinative nature of the household registration system has given rise to social disparities. The basic direction for reform of the system should be unification ofhukou and free choice of movement from one place to another.

Household Registration Reform,Labor Mobility and Optimization of the Urban Hierarchy

A rational hierarchy of rank-size distribution is indispensable for optimizing the urban hierarchy. On the basis of the number of permanent urban residents, using rank-size rule testing and core density estimation within the framework of spatial economics, we set up a labor force location choice model and conducted quantitative simulations. Our fmdings show that the structure of China＇s urban hierarchy differs from the pyramid structure of Zipf＇s Law, and the household registration system impedes the free movement of labor and makes the size distribution of cities deviate from Pareto optimality. Household registration （hukou） reform will be conducive to the optimization of the urban hierarchy. Optimizing the urban hierarchy should become a consistent objective in today＇s development of new-type urbanization, city clusters and metropolitan areas.

Systematic barriers to schooling of migrant workers’children and policy recommendations

A population of migrant workers have appearing during the process of China’s urbanization,and is an important part of the society that cannot be ignored.In the process of integration into cities,the equal development between the rights and obligations of migrant workers is gaining attention.Especially,the issure of schooling of their children has garnered a lot of attention.All problems resulting from schooling of their children are rooted in the asynchronization between system changes and social development.Systematic barriers have become the crux of schooling problem of migrant workers’children.