从感觉秩序到竞争秩序——哈耶克的分散知识说及其批评

哈耶克从批评传统经济学静态均衡概念入手,对相应的"完美知识"假设提出了批评,从而提出了分散知识的概念。一个为研究者忽略的问题是,哈耶克进一步认为,我们是依赖于特定的类分系统来整理知识的,事实高度依赖于认识主体。知识的主观类分说为哈耶克的知识分散说构设了逻辑依托。而对分散的个人知识的处理完全依赖于一个作为发现程序的市场竞争。但是哈耶克对于市场竞争作用的过分强调受到了当代学者赫尔维茨等人的批评。批评的核心是人类是否可以干预自发演进的秩序。一般认为,"自发失序"必然要求干预。赫尔维茨等人的质疑促成了当代"机制设计理论"的形成。

Application of GIS in Ecological Land Type(ELT)mapping--A case in Changbai Mountain area

This paper depicted the physiographic landscape features and natural vegetation situation of study area (the eastern Jilin Province), and expatiates the definition, basic characters and its development of Ecological Land Classification (ELC). Based on the combination of relief map, satellite photography for study area and vegetation inventory data of 480 sample sites, a 5-class and a 15-class ecological land type map was concluded according to 4 important factors including slope, aspect, vegetation and elevation. Ecological Classification System (ECS) is a method to identify, characterize, and map ecosystems. The Ecological Land Type (ELT) was examined and applied initially in eastern Jilin Province.

Cladistic Analysis of the Cyprinid Subgenus Cyprinus (Mesocyprinus) Fang (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)

Phylogeny of the cyprinid subgenus Cyprinus (Mesocyprinus ) is elucidated based on both external and osteological features. All five species of Cyprinus (Mesocyprinus ) are including in the ingroup in addition to two Cyprinus (Cyprinus ) species. Procypris merus was treated as outgroup in comparison. A total of 48 characters were identified as variable among ingroup and outgroup. Phylogenetic analysis was accomplished using Parsimony and Bootstrap methods with Branch and Bound search of PAUP *. There are 28 characters remaining useful after excluding unpolarized characters and autapomorphies of terminal taxa. Analysis of the characters resulted in one tree with a length of 69 steps, Consistency Index (CI) of 0 7246, CI excluding uninformative characters of 0 6122, and Retention Index (RI) of 0 6346. It is apparent that the Mesocyprinus group consisting of five species is a polyphyletic group. This result suggests that subgenus Cyprinus (Mesocyprinus ) should be suspended.

Reanalysis of the phylogenetic relationships of the Pentatomomorpha(Hemiptera: Heteroptera) based on ribosomal, Hox and mitochondrial genes

Pentatomomorpha is one of the most biodiverse infraorders among the true bugs（Hemiptera： Heteroptera）. Phylogenetic relationships among the superfamilies within this infraorder have been uncertain, especially for the Eutrichophora. The previous studies were based on morphological characters, or just mitochondrial or nuclear genes, or only partial 18 S rDNA and COI. In this study, we used maximum likelihood（ML） and Bayesian inference（BI） based on massive molecular datasets（18S rDNA, 28 S rDNA, Hox and mitochondrial genes totaling 21 loci and 12,538 characters） to infer a robust phylogeny for this terrestrial group. Results strongly support the monophyly of all superfamilies; the superfamily status of Aradoidea and the following relationships：（Aradoidea ＋（Pentatomoidea ＋（Coreoidea ＋（Lygaeoidea ＋ Pyrrhocoroidea）））） in Pentatomomorpha, and（Coreoidea ＋（Lygaeoidea ＋ Pyrrhocoroidea）） in Eutrichophora. Our results suggest that sampling greater numbers of genes is an effective tool for resolving phylogenetic problems.

Pollution of Environmental Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals(EDCs) in Water and Its Adverse Reproductive Effect on Fish

Environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals （EDCs）, commonly found in the environment, come from industry and agriculture, including pesticides, fungicides, insecticides, herbicides, and other chemicals. Nowadays, more and more EDCs were released into the environment. EDCs go into water body via atmosphere sedi-mentation, surface runoff, soil eluviation, etc., so water body becomes the main place for existing. In order to attract scientific and public attention worldwide and to prevent EDCs pol ution, in this study we reviewed the classification of EDCs and their concentrations in natural water bodies, drinking water sources and water plants, and the reproductive toxicity of EDCs to fish were reviewed. EDCs could disturb the endocrine system and make reproductive organs and reproduction abnor-mal, resulting in fertility descending, reproduction function damage, community quan-tity decrease and even species extinction. In addition, EDCs could disrupt the homeostasis maintained by hormones, which would result in defects of neural de-velopment and abnormalities of the endocrine and reproductive systems. The exact molecular mechanisms have not been completely reported, but researches have suggested that multiple mechanisms were involved in the action of EDCs. Although there have been researches on the biohazard of EDCs, there stil exist problems of weakness in fundamental researches, difficulties in recognizing and identifying EDCs and high cost, which restraint the knowledge on them.

PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF THE ENDEMIC CHINESE CYPRINID FISH Pseudogyrinocheilus prochilus

Evidence is provided to support the hypothesis that the taxa Pseudogyrinocheilus, Semilabeo, and Discolabeo form a monophyly in which Semilabeo and Discolabeo are sister groups, and both together constitute the sister group of Pseudogyrinocheilus. On the basis of phylogenetic relationships of Pseudogyrinocheilus to others, it is proposed that the taxon Pseudogyrinocheilus be a valid genus. In addition, comments are made on importance of some features used in the traditional taxonomy of the subfamily Labeoninae.

Application of cluster analysis and stepwise regression in predicting the traffic volume of lanes

Because of the difficulty to obtain the traffic flow information of lanes at non-detector intersections in most metropolises of the world,based on the relationships between the lanes of signal-controlled intersections,cluster analysis and stepwise regression are integrated to predict the traffic volume of lanes at non-detector isolated controlled intersections.First cluster analysis is used to cluster the lanes of non-detector isolated signal-controlled intersections and the lanes of all signal-controlled intersections with detectors.Then, by the results of cluster analysis,the traffic volume samples are selected randomly and stepwise regression is used to predict the traffic volume of lanes at non-detector isolated signal-controlled intersections.The method is tested by the traffic volume data of lanes of the road network of Nanjing city.The problem of predicting the traffic volume of lanes at non-detector isolated signal-controlled intersections was resolved and can be widely used in urban traffic flow guidance and urban traffic control in cities without enough intersections equipped with detectors.

A Systematic Study on the Ant Genus Ponera Latreille (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of China

Eight species of the ant genus Ponera Latreille are recorded in China, among them 5 new species are discovered and described from Xishuangbanna Nature Reserve of Yunnan Province: P. sinensis Wheeler distributed in Hong Kong; P. alisana Terayama and P. chiponensis Terayama distributed in Taiwan Province; P. pentodontos , sp. nov., P. menglana , sp. nov., P. nangongshana , sp. nov., P. longlina , sp. nov., and P. baka , sp. nov. distributed in Yunnan Province. A key based on worker caste is provided for the 8 species. The type specimens are deposited in the Insect Collection, Southwest Forestry College, Kunming, Yunnan, China.

Phylogenetic evaluation of the taxonomic status of Papilio maackii and P.syfanius(Lepidoptera:Papilionidae)

The taxonomic status of Papilio maackii and P.syfanius has long been disputed.We conducted a molecular phylogenetic study to evaluate the taxonomic status of P.maackii and P.syfanius.A total of twenty-four P.maackii individuals from six localities and sixteen P.syfanius individuals from two localities were analyzed.We sequenced the partial region of the CO-I gene（about 579 bp） and partial CO-II gene sequence（about 655bp） of the two species.The Kimura-2-Parameter distances among P.maackii and P.syfanius ranged from 0 to 0.6%.Fifteen haplotypes were obtained based on the combined data set.The results strongly supported that all P.maackii individuals and all P.syfanius individuals formed a large clade,and could not be divided into separated clades.This research indicated that the two species have only very recently undergone speciation.

Male Reproductive System and Spermatogenesis in Homoptera(Insecta:Hemiptera)

Morphology of the male reproductive system, chromosome behaviors during meiosis and spem tail structures in Homoptera and Heteroptera are compared in this paper. The sheathed testis is found in Fulgoroidea and Heteroptera, and unsheathed testis occurs in Cicadoidea, Cicadelloidea, Cercopoidea, Membracoidea, Psyloidea, Aphidoidea, Aleyrodoidea and Coccoidea. The testis also can be divide into three types by the shape of testicular follicles. The sphere-shaped type is found in Cicadoidea, Cicadelloidea, Cercopoidea, Membracoidea, Aphidoidea and Aleyrodoidea, the tube-shaped type observed in Fulgoroidea, Psyloidea and Coccoidea, and the lamella-shaped type represented by Heteroptera. It is suggested the unsheathed testis may be the primitive type in Homoptera. Meiosis can be divided into 6 type at least, i.e. 1） Cicadoid type; 2） Fulgoroid type; 3） Psyloid type; 4） Aphidoid type; 5） Aleyrodoid type; and 6） Coccoid type. At least four groups exhibit a diffuse stage during meiosis prophase l, they are Psyloidea, Fulgoroidea, Coccoidea and Heteroptera. Sperm tail structures are similar to those reported from other insects with a typical 9＋9＋2 axoneme except that in Aleyrodoidea and Coccoidea whose sperm tail is degenerated.

Analysis on the Origin and Phylogenetic Status of Tong Sheep Using 12 Blood Protein and Nonprotein Markers

This study is based on the Tong sheep obtained by the random sampling method of typical colonies in the central area of Baishui County in Shaanxi Province, China. An investigation was undertaken to clarify the gene constitution of blood protein and nonprotein types of Tong sheep. Twelve genetic markers were examined by starch-gel electrophoresis and cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Polymorphism in Tong sheep was found at the following 10 loci, transferrin （Tf）, alkaline phosphatase （Alp）, leucine aminopeptidase （Lap）, arylesterase （Ary-Es）, hemoglobin-β （Hb-β）, X-protein （X-p）, carbonic anhydrase （CA）, catalase （Cat）, malate dehydrogenase （MDH）, and lysine （Ly）, whereas, albumin （A1） and postalbumin （Po） loci were monomorphic. Genetic approach degree method and phylogenetic relationship clustering method were used to judge the origin and phylogenetic status of Tong sheep. Results from both methods maintained that Tong sheep belonged to the ＂Mongolia group＂, and Mongolia sheep was the origin of Tong sheep. This was also supported by the history of Tong sheep breeding. Compared to the phylogenetic relationship clustering method, the genetic approach degree method was more reliable for the extraction from East and South of Central Asia, and was more effective in reflecting the breeding course of Tong sheep.

Study on FTIR Spectra of Corn Germs and Endosperms of Three Different Colors Combining with Cluster Analysis

[Objective] This research aimed to study the FTIR spectra of corn germs and endosperms so as to provide a scientific way for identifying corn of different types. [Method] The corn germs and endosperms of three types were studied by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy（FTIR） technology, combined with cluster analysis. [Result] The overall characteristics of original FTIR spectra were basically similar within the range of 700-1 800 cm^-1. The FTIR spectra were mainly composed by the absorption peaks of polysaccharides, proteins and lipids. Within the wavelength range of 700-1 800 cm^-1, there were only tiny differences in original FTIR spectra among the corn germs and endosperms of three different types. The spectra were then processed by using first derivative and second derivative. The second derivative spectra were used for hierarchical cluster analysis（HCA）. The results showed that with the wavelength range of 700-1 800 cm^-1, the second derivative spectra of the 52 samples could be better clustered according to the tree types and corn germ and corn endosperm. The clustering correct rate reached 96.1%.[Conclusion] FTIR technology, combined with cluster analysis, can be used to identify different types of corn germs and endosperms, and it is characterized by convenience and rapidness.

Feature combination via importance-inhibition analysis

A new method for combining features via importance-inhibition analysis （IIA） is described to obtain more effective feature combination in learning question classification. Features are combined based on the inhibition among features as well as the importance of individual features. Experimental results on the Chinese questions set show that, the IIA method shows a gradual increase in average and maximum accuracies at all feature combinations, and achieves great improvement over the importance analysis（IA） method on the whole. Moreover, the IIA method achieves the same highest accuracy as the one by the exhaustive method, and further improves the performance of question classification.

Question classification in question answering based on real-world web data sets

To improve question answering （QA） performance based on real-world web data sets,a new set of question classes and a general answer re-ranking model are defined.With pre-defined dictionary and grammatical analysis,the question classifier draws both semantic and grammatical information into information retrieval and machine learning methods in the form of various training features,including the question word,the main verb of the question,the dependency structure,the position of the main auxiliary verb,the main noun of the question,the top hypernym of the main noun,etc.Then the QA query results are re-ranked by question class information.Experiments show that the questions in real-world web data sets can be accurately classified by the classifier,and the QA results after re-ranking can be obviously improved.It is proved that with both semantic and grammatical information,applications such as QA, built upon real-world web data sets, can be improved,thus showing better performance.

BIO-INSPIRED SELF-ADAPTIVE MANUFACTURING SYSTEM CONTROL ARCHITECTURE

Future manufacturing systems need to cope with frequent changes and disturbances, therefore their control architectures require constant adaptability, agility, stability, self-organization, intelligence, and robustness. Bio-inspired manufacturing system can well satisfy these requirements. For this purpose, by referencing the biological organization structure and the mechanism, a bio-inspired manufacturing cell is presented from a novel view, and then a bio-inspired self-adaptive manufacturing model is established based on the ultra-short feedback mechanism of the neuro-endocrine system. A hio-inspired self-adaptive manufacturing system coordinated model is also established based on the neuro-endocrine-immunity system （NEIS）. Finally, an example based on pheromone communication mechanism indicates that the robustness of the whole manufacturing system is improved by bio-inspired technologies.

A review of the recent advances in the systematics of the avian superfamily Sylvioidea

The systematics of the avian superfamily Sylvioidea are reviewed, focusing on studies of relationships among families and within genera, more superficially on taxonomic studies at the species level. For the families Bernieridae and Phylloscopidae, new analyses based on already published sequence data are presented. Our understanding of relationships has been vastly improved in recent years due to a large number of molecular studies. However, the relationships among the different families remain largely obscured, probably mainly as a result of rapid divergence of the different primary lineages (families). Also, species level taxonomy has been much improved in recent years due to a large number of studies applying molecular markers and/or vocalizations and other life-history data. It seems likely that the number of species will continue to increase, as new groups are being studied with modern integrative methods.

Phytate:impact on environment and human nutrition.A challenge for molecular breeding

Phytic acid (PA) is the primary storage compound of phosphorus in seeds accounting for up to 80% of the total seed phosphorus and contributing as much as 1.5% to the seed dry weight. The negatively charged phosphate in PA strongly binds to metallic cations of Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn and Zn making them insoluble and thus unavailable as nutritional factors. Phytate mainly accumulates in protein storage vacuoles as globoids, predominantly located in the aleurone layer (wheat, barley and rice) or in the embryo (maize). During germination, phytate is hydrolysed by endogenous phytase(s) and other phosphatases to release phosphate, inositol and micronutrients to support the emerging seedling. PA and its derivatives are also implicated in RNA export, DNA repair, signalling, endocytosis and cell vesicular trafficking. Our recent studies on purification of phytate globoids, their mineral composition and dephytinization by wheat phytase will be discussed. Biochemical data for purified and characterized phytases isolated from more than 23 plant species are presented, the dephosphorylation pathways of phytic acid by different classes of phytases are compared, and the application of phytase in food and feed is discussed.

Phylogenetic Relationships of the "Higher" Hamamelids Based on Chloroplast trn L-F Sequences

Phylogenetic relationships of the 'higher' hamamelids were estimated based on nucleotide sequences of the non-coding region of chloroplast trnL-F. Twenty-five species were sampled, representing 24 genera of all eight families of the 'higher' hamamelids. A parsimony analysis of data set indicated that the 'higher' hamamelids formed a strongly supported clade with 100% bootstrap value in the strict consensus tree. Nothofagus was the basal lineage and the Fagaceae was sister to a well-supported core 'higher' hamamelids clade containing Myricaceae, Rhoipteleaceae, Juglandaceae, Casuarinaceae, Ticodendraceae and Betulaceae. Three clades were recognized in the core ' higher' hamamelids: (1) Casuatina ( Ticodendron, ( Betu-laceae)), (2) Juglandaceae-Rhoipteleaceae, and (3) Myricaceae. Compared with the previous studies, familial relationships of the 'higher' hamamelids were better resolved.

Surgicopathological classification of hepatic space-occupying lesions:A single-center experience with literature review

Accompanying rapid developments in hepatic surgery,the number of surgeries and identifications of histological types of primary hepatic space-occupying lesions (PHSOLs) have increased dramatically.This has led to many changes in the surgicopathological spectrum of PHSOLs,and has contributed to a theoretical basis for modern hepatic surgery and oncological pathology.Between 1982 and 2009 at the Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital (EHBH) in Shanghai,31 901 patients underwent surgery and were diagnosed as having a PHSOL.In this paper,we present an analysis of the PHSOL cases at the EHBH for this time period,along with results from a systematic literature review.We describe a surgicopathological spectrum comprising more than 100 types of PHSOLs that can be stratified into three types:tumor-like,benign,and malignant.We also stratified the PHSOLs into six subtypes derived from hepatocytes;cholangiocytes;vascular,lymphoid and hemopoietic tissues;muscular,fibrous and adipose tissues;neural and neuroendocrine tissues;and miscellaneous tissues.The present study provides a new classification system that can be used as a current reference for clinicians and pathologists to make correct diagnoses and differential diagnoses among various PHSOLs.

Monitoring urban land cover and vegetation change by multi-temporal remote sensing information

In order to analyze changes in human settlement in Xuzhou city during the past 20 years, changes in land cover and vegetation were investigated based on multi-temporal remote sensing Landsat TM images. We developed a hierarchical classifier system that uses different feature inputs for specific classes and conducted a classification post-processing approach to improve its accuracy. From our statistical analysis of changes in urban land cover from 1987 to 2007, we conclude that built-up land areas have obviously increased, while farmland has seen in a continuous loss due to urban growth and human activities. A NDVI difference approach was used to extract information on changes in vegetation. A false change information elimination approach was developed based on prior knowledge and statistical analysis. The areas of vegetation cover have been in continuous decline over the past 20 years, although some measures have been adopted to protect and maintain urban vegetation. Given the stability of underground coal exploitation since 1990s, urban growth has become the major driving force in vegetation loss, which is different from the vegetation change driven by coal exploitation mainly before 1990.