寻求语言类型性特征的对比研究

本文首先介绍语言类型学的目的、方法以及我们在面对这门学问时所难以逾越的"天堑",从而引出开展"寻求语言类型性特征的对比研究"的必要性。接着,描述表"也"意的句法形式在SVO型语言、SOV型语言以及SVO?SOV混合型语言里分别呈现不同语法性质的现象,以此为例讨论"寻求语言类型性特征的对比研究"的研究对象和研究方法,阐述这一语言学分支所特有的学术意义。

青少年女子体操运动员训练过程中植物性调节心率和中枢血液动态的个体类型特征

为了揭示植物性调节不同类型的女子体操运动员的ВСР与ЦГД之间的联系,以及根据植物性调节训练负荷的类型确定ВСР和ЦГД指标应答反应的特点,分析8～11岁女子体操运动员在周训练小周期(准备期小周期)训练课前后264份ВСР的时间指标和图谱指标,以及ЦГД指标。研究显示,8～11岁女子体操运动员个体的BCP指标之间存在很大的离散度。对BCP指标取平均值而不顾及植物性调节的类型显然是不可行的,因为歪曲了调节系统的真实状态,甚至使这一方法失效。研究结果表明:植物性调节不同类型女子体操运动员的BCP和ЦГД指标之间的相互联系;确定了机体应答反应的特点,有助于竞技领域的专家对青少年运动员的健康状况的监督,依据植物性调节心率的类型优化训练负荷,并监督运动员是否过度承受训练负荷和比赛负荷。有助于竞技领域的专家对青少年运动员的健康状况的监督,依据植物性调节心率的类型优化训练负荷,并监督运动员是否过度承受训练负荷和比赛负荷。

Soil Physical and Chemical Properties of Five Subtropical Forests in Lingao of Hainan

With 5 types of typical forests as research object, the physical and chemical properties of different types of forests were analyzed by sample plot investigation method. The results showed that： the soil total porosity was the highest in the Casuarina equisetifolia forest （46.168%）, but the lowest in the Encalyptus robusta forest （39.46%）. The soil capillary porosity was the highest in the Acacia mangium forest （22.57%）, but the lowest in the secondary forest （18.95%）. The soil water content was the highest in the C. equisetifolia forest, with a mean value of 27.85%, but the lowest in the secondary forest, with a mean value of 4.34%. The soil pH values were in the range of 4.81-6.59, the soils in the A. mangium forest, C. equisetifolia forest and E. robusta forest were strongly acidic （pH 4.5-5.5）, and the soils in the secondary forest and C. nucifera forest were weakly acidic. The soils had organic matter contents in the range of 0.34-28.68 g/kg, and showed an order of A. mangium forest〉C. equisetifolia forest〉E. robusta forest〉secondary forest〉C. nucifera forest, with a decreasing trend with the soil depth increasing. The soil total N contents were in the range of 0.10-1.63 g/kg, the A. mangium forest showed the highest soil total N contents, while the C. nucifera forest exhibited the lowest soil total N contents; the soil total P contents were in the range of 0.21-1.74 g/kg, and the E. robusta forest had the highest soil total P contents; and the soil total K contents were in the range of 0.16-2.15 g/kg, and the A. mangium forest exhibited the highest soil total K contents. The soil available P contents were in the range of 0.98-132.46 mg/kg; and the secondary forests had the highest soil available P contents; and the soil rapidly available K contents were in the range of 3.03-27.35 mg/kg, and the C. nucifera forest exhibited the highest soil rapidly available K contents. The soil ammonium N contents were in the range of 1.38-5.15 mg/kg, and the nitrate N contents were in the range were in the range of 0.56 -3.51 mg/kg. The A. mangium forest showed the highest soil nitrate N contents （with a mean value of 2.29 mg/kg） and ammonium N contents （with a mean value of 3.93 mg/kg）. For the same forest type, with the increase of soil depth, the nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen content also showed a decreasing trend.

Identifying Trees Species Dominance in Hulu Sedili Forest Reserve, Peninsular Malaysia Based on Lithology Type Using Geographic Information System

Lowland tropical forest in Peninsular Malaysia consist a valuable dipterocarp timber species. In fact, dipterocarp tree species growth well when the ecology is maintained and their growth are dependent on the micro climate and also affected by lithology types. This study was carried out to identify and map tree species dominancy by lithology types at Hulu Sedili Forest Reserve （HSFR） using Geographic Information System （GIS） technique. Different lithology type maps were derived namely Igneous, Sedimentary and Limestone. Through GIS operations tree species data collected from pre-felling inventory and ground survey were overlaid with lithology features. Results showed that at Sedimentary and Igneous types, the presence of dipterocarpaceae family is only 3.09%, and non-dipterocarpaceae family was 96.91%. Syzygium spp. （19.83%） was the most abundance in Igneous and Sedimentary. Meanwhile, Elateriospermum tapos （9.92%） and Lauraceae＇s family （7.22%） were found to be the most dominant species in Sedimentary types, Macaranga spp. （11.21%） and Elateriospermum tapos （11.02%） in igneous types. However, a Limestone type was discarded from analysis due to unavailable pre-felling data. Thus, this study indicated that there was variation in species dominancy of different lithology types. On the other hand, GIS demonstrated its capability as a useful tool in identifying and maps the location of trees species based on lithology types.

Discriminant Models for Uncertainty Characterization in Area Class Change Categorization

Discriminant space defining area classes is an important conceptual construct for uncertainty characterization in area-class maps.Discriminant models were promoted as they can enhance consistency in area-class mapping and replicability in error modeling.As area classes are rarely completely separable in empirically realized discriminant space,where class inseparabil-ity becomes more complicated for change categorization,we seek to quantify uncertainty in area classes(and change classes)due to measurement errors and semantic discrepancy separately and hence assess their relative margins objectively.Experiments using real datasets were carried out,and a Bayesian method was used to obtain change maps.We found that there are large differences be-tween uncertainty statistics referring to data classes and information classes.Therefore,uncertainty characterization in change categorization should be based on discriminant modeling of measurement errors and semantic mismatch analysis,enabling quanti-fication of uncertainty due to partially random measurement errors,and systematic categorical discrepancies,respectively.